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PL
Dorota Sepczyńska, Libertarianizm. Mało znane dzieje pojęcia zakończone próbą definicji
2
Content available remote The „Tao” of Ethics and Politics: A Radical Reading of Taoist Philosophy
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EN
The paper explores the possibility of finding radical elements of individualistic and libertarian (especially left-libertarian) thought in Taoist philosophy. It demonstrates that philosophical Taoism should be treated in a comprehensive way, with a particular emphasis on ethics. In connection with this, the anti-authoritarian ethico-political dimension of early Taoism is examined, and it is argued that the Taoist philosophers of ancient China had a deep respect for the equal liberty of individuals, who are all unique by nature. As a result, findings suggest that Taoist anarchism in early medieval China evolved as the logical conclusion from ancient Taoist ethico-political thought since radical ideas were embodied in it. The research goal of this paper is to develop a Taoist-libertarian virtue ethics and to show its political relevance. Therefore, it is also intended to show how Taoist libertarianism (avant la lettre) undermines political authority despite being neither consequentialist nor deontological, unlike typical American libertarianism.
EN
This article provides an analysis of the Indian cultural impact on Daoism that occurred through the spread of Buddhist religion and philosophy to China. With the exception of adherents of early Neo-Daoist philosophy, the paper emphasizes the rising popularity of religious escapism and anti-individualism among the Chinese, which contributed significantly to the destruction of original Daoist social and political thought. The author demonstrates that philosophical Daoism should not be understood as truly similar to any form of Buddhism, since Indian and Chinese cultures were fundamentally different (there was no unitary Eastern Wisdom at all). The main thesis of the article is that the influence of Indian Buddhism (especially during the early medieval period) gradually turned Daoism into an organized religion. As a result of Daoism’s being seen through the lens of Indian spirituality, many people still mistakenly consider Daoist thought to be predominantly transcendental, metaphysical, submissive, and apolitical.
PL
W artykule opisano i zanalizowano literacki satanizm jako czynnik istotny we współczesnym powstaniu i rozwoju satanizmu jako takiego. Zwłaszcza wraz z pojawieniem się Świątyni Satanistycznej (w 2013 r.) dawne podejścia do satanizmu (skupione na okultyzmie i kulcie diabła) wydały się mieć zbyt ograniczoną moc wyjaśniającą, aby zrozumieć tenże nowy ruch religijny, a zarazem zjawisko typowo amerykańskie. Prowokuje to do wyjścia poza tradycyjne dychotomie oraz porzucenia podejścia metafizycznego na rzecz wyjaśnienia społeczno-psychologicznego. W artykule rozważono i uściślono rozróżnienie między ateistycznym satanizmem a pseudosatanizmem. Szczególnie ważny w niniejszym artykule jest opis podwójnej reinterpretacji w ramach satanizmu sensu largo. Po pierwsze, jest to reinterpretacja Szatana przez literackich satanistów, w tym romantyków, takich jak Percy Bysshe Shelley. Po drugie, jest to reinterpretacja literatury satanistycznej przez Church of Satan (zaliczenie do niej i zaakcentowanie ważności Ayn Rand, Friedricha Nietzschego, Marka Twaina, Giosuè Carducciego, a także Benjamina DeCasseresa) oraz przez Świątynię Satanistyczną (podkreślenie społeczno-kulturowej kontestacji o poważnych religijnych i politycznych konsekwencjach).
EN
This paper provides an analysis of literary Satanism as an important factor in the contemporary creation and development of Satanism as such. Especially with the rise of The Satanic Temple (in 2013), old approaches to Satanism (those focused on occultism and devil worship) appeared to have limited explanatory power to understand this new religious movement and a predominantly American phenomenon. It challenges readers to go beyond traditional dichotomies and move from metaphysical approaches to a sociopsychological explanation. In addition, the paper emphasizes the distinction between atheistic Satanism and pseudo-Satanism. Moreover and more importantly, the paper describes a double reinterpretation within Satanism sensu lato. First, it is a reinterpretation of Satan by the Romantic or literary Satanists such as Percy Bysshe Shelley. Second, it is a reinterpretation of Satanic literature by the Church of Satan (emphasizing Ayn Rand, Friedrich Nietzsche, Mark Twain, Giosuè Carducci, and Benjamin DeCasseres) and The Satanic Temple (emphasizing socio- -cultural contestation with serious religious and political consequences).
EN
This paper provides an analysis of the gradual degeneration of philosophical-libertarian Taoism (the Lao-Zhuang tradition, including Neo-Taoism) into religious-authoritarian Taoism (the Huang-Lao tradition, including Taoist religion). It emphasizes not only the influence of Yang Zhu and Hui Shi on early Taoist philosophy but also the influence of Legalism (and Indian Buddhism) on later religious-authoritarian Taoism. The main thesis of the paper is that the transformation of Taoist political thought was caused primarily by the rulers' policy.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł stanowi analizę stopniowej degeneracji filozoficzno-libertariańskiego taoizmu (tradycja Lao-Zhuang, w tym neo-taoizm) w  taoizm religijno-autorytarny (tradycja Huang-Lao, w tym religia taoistyczna). Podkreśla nie tylko wpływ Yang Zhu i Hui Shi na wczesną filozofię taoistyczną, ale także wpływ legalizmu (i indyjskiego buddyzmu) na późniejszy religijno-autorytarny taoizm. Główną tezą artykułu jest to, że transformacja taoistycznej myśli politycznej była spowodowana głównie polityką władców.
EN
This paper provides insights into the relationship between language and politically relevant aspects of culture in India and China which are as follows: attitude toward revolution and tradition, the domination of politics over religion or vice versa, and a concern for the liberty of the individual. The paper introduces a novel approach to the comparative study of civilizations by advancing the political-linguistic explanation. In so doing, it combines Hajime Nakamura’s hypothesis of the strict connection between language and culture (understood as a way of thinking) with Samuel P. Huntington’s emphasis on the impact of cultural differences on the political dimension of society – so that our explanatory model can be expressed as follows: language→culture→politics. As far as language is concerned, the focus is on the basic structure of Sanskrit and Chinese; besides, special attention is given to Indian and Chinese philosophies of language. Culturally, the most relevant schools of Hindu philosophy may be called “ultraconservative” since they tend to ground unchanging meaning firmly in metaphysics and rely on the supreme authority of ancient religious texts. In contrast, the Chinese typically considered language a social mechanism for shaping our behavior (so the relation of language and society is the most crucial); they also expressed clearly divergent views on naming. In short, at least four distinctive perspectives are essential: (1) conservative Confucianism, (2) anti-traditional and highly authoritarian Legalism, (3) egalitarian and linguistically skeptical Laozian Daoism, (4) nonconformist and proto-libertarian Zhuangzian Daoism.
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