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EN
The article provides an analysis of the legal aspects of expulsion of an alien suffering from a serious physical or mental illness to a country where treatment options for this illness are less accessible than those available in the country of residence (particularly in the case of HIV/AIDS, HCV, various forms of cancer, etc.). The article indicates the legal basis under European law (especially Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights on the prohibition of inhuman treatment), and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights relating to this issue. The author emphasizes that the ECHR has adopted a very restrictive approach concerning the expulsion of seriously ill non-nationals, and the national courts of States parties to the ECHR must ensure protection against expulsion to foreigners.
EN
In cases concerning expulsion of aliens, an expulsion decision should identify a competent authority as well as applicable provisions of substantive law and relevant procedural rules. An alien should be granted a right to appeal to an independent authority requesting revision of the legality of the expulsion order. The effectiveness of the above right depends on whether it has a suspensive effect leading to a State suspending an expulsion decision at the moment it is filed. Under the provisions of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR), the right of an alien to appeal against a deportation order is expressed in Article 13 and Article 1 of Protocol No. 7 to the ECHR. However, on the basis of the existing case law and decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, it may be concluded that Article 1 of Protocol No. 7 to the ECHR has not played any important role in practice. The procedural guarantees to which an alien is entitled in expulsion proceedings remain beyond the scope of the right to a fair trial under Article 6 of the ECHR. What is more, there are still countries unwilling to ratify Protocol No. 7. Thus Article 13 of the ECHR is an attempt to close the loophole concerning procedural protection against expulsion and formulates the right to an effective remedy.
PL
Decyzja o wydaleniu cudzoziemca powinna określać organ właściwy w sprawach wydalania cudzoziemców oraz zasady i tryb postępowania w tych sprawach. Cudzoziemiec, jako adresat decyzji o wydaleniu, powinien mieć zagwarantowane prawo odwołania się do niezależnego organu, właściwego do zbadania legalności tej decyzji. Wymaga podkreślenia, że efektywność omawianego uprawnienia zależy przede wszystkim od tego, czy odwołanie ma efekt suspensywny, który powodowałby wstrzymanie wykonania decyzji o wydaleniu w momencie złożenia odwołania. Na gruncie Konwencji o ochronie praw człowieka i podstawowych wolności (EKPC) prawo cudzoziemca do wniesienia środka odwoławczego w procedurze wydaleniowej jest przewidziane w art. 13 i art. 1 Protokołu nr 7. Analizując dotychczasowy dorobek orzeczniczy Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka, można jednak dojść do wniosku że, art. 1 Protokołu nr 7 nie odegrał jak dotąd znaczącej roli w praktyce. Na taki stan rzeczy składają się trzy zasadnicze powody. Po pierwsze, przysługujące cudzoziemcom gwarancje proceduralne w procesie wydalenia pozostają poza zakresem prawa do rzetelnego procesu sądowego na podstawie art. 6 EKPC. Po drugie, niektóre państwa w dalszym ciągu odmawiają ratyfikacji Protokołu nr 7. Po trzecie, zaistniałą lukę w zapewnieniu cudzoziemcom proceduralnej ochrony przed wydaleniem stara się wypełnić art. 13 EKPC, który formułuje prawo do skutecznego środka odwoławczego.
EN
This article provides an overview of the prohibition against arbitrary expulsion of aliens under Article 1 of the Protocol No. 7 to the ECHR and its implementation in Polish law and practice. The provision discussed in the article provides an alien with procedural guarantees against arbitrary expulsion. It should be noted that the analysed regulation stipulates that an alien who is lawfully in the territory of a State may be expelled only in pursuance of a decision reached by a competent authority in accordance with domestic law. The independent courts must be able to react in cases where a Polish authority invokes a threat that an alien poses to national security with no reasonable basis in fact or reveals an arbitrary interpretation of national security. The argument that a lawful alien poses a serious threat to national security or public order as a reason to expel him/her cannot be based on vague; unproven and anonymous allegations or unspecified information contained in a secret internal document.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie zakazu arbitralnego wydalania cudzoziemców w świetle art. 1 Protokołu nr 7 do EKPC i jego realizacji w polskim prawie i praktyce. Omawiany przepis zapewnienia cudzoziemcowi szeregu gwarancji proceduralnych przed arbitralnym wydaleniem. Stanowi on również, że cudzoziemiec legalnie przebywający na terytorium państwa może być z niego wydalony jedynie w wyniku decyzji podjętej zgodnie z prawem, co oznacza, że prawo krajowe powinno określać organ właściwy w sprawach wydalania cudzoziemców oraz zasady i tryb postepowania w tych sprawach. Stwierdzenie przez organ administracyjny, że cudzoziemiec jest niepożądany na terytorium Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z uwagi na konieczność ochrony bezpieczeństwa państwa i porządku publicznego, musi być poparte przeprowadzeniem stosowanego rozumowania i wskazywać na fakty, które przesądzają o istniejącym, rzeczywistym zagrożeniu z jego strony.
EN
This Article provides an overview of the current problems concerning the political rights of persons with disabilities, i.e. the right to vote and be elected. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities guarantees that persons with disabilities should have the opportunity to be actively involved in decision-making processes about policies and programmes, including those directly concerning them. However, despite various instruments and undertakings, persons with disabilities continue to face barriers in their participation as equal members of society and violations of their human rights in all parts of the world.
5
Content available Ochrona praw kobiet w systemie Rady Europy
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EN
The legal system of the Council of Europe is of crucial importance for the protection of women’s rights and preventing discrimination based on sex. The European Convention on Human Rights constitutes one of the most efficient tools for establishing standards for the protection of women’s rights. Despite the fact that the Convention does not include detailed provisions on protection of women’s rights, it has been adopted and implemented in the spirit of equal rights for men and women and the prohibition of discrimination. The potential power of the Council of Europe in the area of protecting women’s rights is also evidenced by the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, which supervises whether the provisions of European Convention on Human Rights are complied with or not. In case any state that is a party to the Convention breaches its provisions, women can lodge individual complaints with the Court, regardless of citizenship.
6
Content available Obywatelstwo Unii Europejskiej
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EN
This article deals with the issue of European Union citizenship. Since 1992, both the Treaties and the case law of the Court of Justice have helped to create a direct and evolving bond of citizenship between the individual and the Union. Any person who holds the nationality of an EU member state is automatically also an EU citizen. EU citizenship is additional to and does not replace national citizenship. Moreover, European citizenship is evolving not only as a direct bond between the citizen and the Union but also as a sphere of relationships between the citizen and all the member states. That aspect of citizenship guarantees all the nationals the right to move freely throughout the territory of the Union, as well as the right to reside in any member state.
EN
Aliens who are parties to expulsion proceedings have the right to view their files, make notes and copies, and demand that notes or copies of the case files be authenticated. In each case, this must be justified by the interests of the party (Article 73(1) and (3) of the Code of Administrative Procedure [CAP]). However, the legislator stipulated that the law provided for in Article 73 of the CAP shall not apply to case files which contain classified information (‘secret’ or ‘top secret’), neither shall it apply to other files that the public administration body has excluded due to their being contrary to State interests (Article 74(1) the CAP). This means that records of the proceedings are available neither to the party nor the counsel. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to examine whether the Polish legal order includes procedural mechanisms which  accommodate, on the one hand, legitimate State security considerations regarding the nature and sources of the information taken into account in the adoption of decision obliging foreigners to return and, on the other hand, the need to ensure sufficient compliance with an aliens’ procedural rights, such as the right of access to the files and the right to a defence.
PL
Cudzoziemiec będący stroną postępowania w przedmiocie zobowiązania do powrotu ma prawo dostępu do swoich akt, sporządzania notatek, kopii lub odpisów, jak również prawo żądania uwierzytelnienia odpisów z akt sprawy, co musi uzasadnić ważnym interesem (art. 73 ust. 1 i 3 Kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego [k.p.a.]). Ustawodawca zastrzegł jednak, że prawa wynikającego z art. 73 k.p.a. nie stosuje się do akt sprawy zawierających informacje niejawne o klauzuli tajności „tajne” lub „ściśle tajne”, a także do innych akt, które organ administracji publicznej wyłączy ze względu na ważny interes państwowy (art. 74 ust. 1 k.p.a.). Oznacza to, że w takim postępowaniu ani pełnomocnikowi, ani tym bardziej stronie nie są udostępniane dokumenty, których dotyczy postępowanie. Celem artkułu jest zbadanie, czy w polskim porządku prawnym istnieją mechanizmy procesowe, które umożliwiają pogodzenie uzasadnionych względów bezpieczeństwa państwa w odniesieniu do charakteru i źródeł informacji branych pod uwagę przy wydawaniu decyzji o zobowiązaniu do powrotu z koniecznością zapewnienia cudzoziemcowi korzystania z uprawnień procesowych, takich jak prawo dostępu do akt oraz prawo do obrony.
EN
The present paper analyses the scope of protection of EU citizens against expulsion under Directive 2004/38/EC and in the case-law of the Court of Justice of the Eu-ropean Union. According to the provision of this Directive, an EU citizen threatened with expulsion must have access to relevant documents and accessible information on the legal procedures to be followed in his/her case. Even if the government claims that national security interests keep courts from disclosing the evidence to the EU citizen, it is obliged to submit any material or evidence capable of corroborating that the interests of national security or public order are at stake. The CJEU requires that the evidence has to be scrutinised by the adversarial proceedings. In particular, the EU citizen must be informed, in any event, of the essence of the grounds on which an expulsion decision is based, as the necessary protection of State security cannot have the effect of denying the person concerned of his/her right to be heard.
EN
The paper analyses the PNR Directive as pre-emptive data surveillance practice. The 2016/681 Directive regulates the use of Passenger Name Record (PNR) data in the EU for the prevention, detection, investigation and prosecution of terrorist offences and serious crime. It obliges airlines to hand national authorities passengers’ data for all flights from third countries to the EU and vice versa, but Member States can also extend it to ‘intra-EU’ ones (i.e. from an EU country to one or more other EU countries), provided that they notify the EU Commission. Thus, PNR Directive affects all passengers who arrive in the territory of one Member State originating from a third country, or who depart from a Member State’s territory to a non-EU country, including any transfer or transit flights. Using PNR data, the individual is profiled and encoded in terms of degrees of risk.
EN
The purpose of this paper is to explore whether the processing of personal data under Regulation 2017/226 is compatible with the principle of proportionality in the light of Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU and the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). The Regulation 2017/2226 provides the EES system which is the only system that collects the entry/exit data of all third-country nationals entering the Schengen area for a short stay, whether via a land, sea or air border. The EES replaces the current system of manual stamping of passports.
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