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Pokuta bez rozgrzeszenia. Samobójstwo i jego skutki w powieści drugiej połowy XIX wieku

100%

Budrewicz T.

Napis. Pismo poświęcone literaturze okolicznościowej i użytkowej

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2013

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nr 19

110-130

EN

The text is based on detailed interpretation of the source novels: "Kobiety i mężczyźni" by Józef Wojciechowski, "Syn znajdy" by Piotr Jaksa-Bykowski, "Pasierbowie fortuny" by Natalia Korwin-Szymanowska, "Plotka" by Marian Gawalewicz, "Matka" by Emma Jeleńska, "Zamieć w stepie" by Michał Grabowski. In addition, some novels and short stories by such authors as Adolf Dygasiński, Tadeusz Jaroszyński, Eliza Orzeszkowa, Maria Konopnicka, Ignacy Maciejowski (Sewer), Michał Bałucki were selected as a background for comparison. The article proves the following thesis: suicide in the family, or among close friends, becomes a border that makes a new stage of life difficult to bear psychologically and socially; psychologically because people cannot stand the fact that someone close to them violated the taboo, so either they go mad, or they are silenced (suffering and silence are the only one life style strategies within observed material); socially because living after the suicidal death of a member of a small community are stigmatized, partially excluded from the community, they live on the margins of social communities, become specimens/ exemplars to teach socio-moral values, and serve to strengthen the religious and social group cohesion. The trauma of the survivors after the suicide of a family member leads to the adoption of rationalising attitude consent to the judgement of fate, which one does not try to understand, or to an attitude of humility before the social community power whose rights have been ignored. Attempts to surround with love and worship the suicide are signs of the crisis of the socio-moral system based on Christian ethics (J. Wojciechowski, M. Gawalewicz, E. Jeleńska). Statistically speaking, in the novel from the 2nd half of the nineteenth century the motif of the suicidal death is still maintained as a final of the action, however, there appear some works where the suicide provides functionally a plot twist. Those works, associated with the “nervous age”, were previously seen only in the psychological and decadent perspective. The suicidal trauma forces us to recognise in them the signs of the crisis of traditional ethics.

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Zasada „3 P” — o czym milczą rodziny w powieści pozytywizmu?

100%

Budrewicz T.

Napis. Pismo poświęcone literaturze okolicznościowej i użytkowej

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2012

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nr 18

121-137

EN

The article raises the problem of avoiding certain topics in family conversations, which images were written by Polish novel of the second half of the 19th century. Documentary materials were taken from the works of the following authors: Stanisław Grudziński, Natalia Korwin–Szymanowska, Waleria Marrené–Morzkowska, Eliza Orzeszkowa, Bolesław Prus, and Henryk Sienkiewicz. Among there are very acknowledged authors as well as the secondary and forgotten. Due to such selection of sources, the phenomenon described in the article can be considered as an objective state of affairs. The nineteenth century novel was subjected to rigours of censorship, forcing authors to cipher (Aesop’s speech). The author proves that more important in the regulation of the topics of conversation was a moral taboo, which excluded speaking on some of them. The article justifies a thesis that it hindered dialogues within the family circle. This concerned mainly three areas: politics, money, and sexes (3 P in Polish). These areas of social life were dependent on legal regulations, which treated preferentially men. The absence of these topics in the conversations proves that the marriage did not have the democratic status of a partnership.

3

„Białe anioły z skrzydłami jasnemi” (konstelacja parafraz)

100%

Budrewicz T.

Napis. Pismo poświęcone literaturze okolicznościowej i użytkowej

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2016

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tom 22: Warunkiem trwałości jest przemiana. Parafrazy, kontynuacje i aluzje literackie

87-105

EN

The paper is a review of the functions of the citation from the novel of Narcyza Żmichowska "Poganka" [The Pagan] (1846): “I was once told that here on earth exist angels with bright wings”. This citation and the figure of an angel with bright wings express a romantic model of love and define a social role of a woman as a caregiver and man’s helper. The most famous use of this paraphrase of the citation appears in the novel "Lalka" [Doll] (1890) by Bolesław Prus. Literary historians were certain that Prus refered directly to Poganka. In the article the author demonstrated that this fragment from Poganka had already functioned in the publishing market as a separate poem under the title "Miłość do kobiety" [Love to a Woman] since 1857. Up until the publishing of "Lalka" it was published several times in Warsaw and Lviv. It also became a basis for Aleksander Michaux’s paraphrase (pen name of Michaux) whom Prus knew. The paraphrasis of Miron had been published several times before "Lalka" came into being. In the light of these findings the thesis on "Poganka’s" exclusivity as the basis for the citation in "Lalka" cannot be maintained. The second part of the article analyses the role of the citation and other paraphrases (extensive rhyming paraphrase by Aleksander Kraushar) in literary texts which were created at the same time as "Lalka" or after its publishing. The intertexts to Żmichowska’s work can be found in the prose of Hajota (Helena Pajzderska), Wacław Sieroszewski, Janina (Kazimiera Stachowiczowa), Bronisław Grabowski and others. A certain regularity was discovered: the modification of the citation (paraphrase) is connected with the attitude of writers critical towards the romantic model and wtih democratic-reformatory views. The citations that remained unchanged and which sustained the standing of the Church were quoted by publicists and authors of educational treaties written in conservative spirit.

4

„Długie trwanie” pomyłek (Maria Konopnicka, Maria Bartusówna, Napoleon Ekielski, Florentyna Niewiarowska)

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Budrewicz T.

Napis. Pismo poświęcone literaturze okolicznościowej i użytkowej

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2020

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tom 26: ERRARE HUMANUM EST. BŁĘDY W BADANIACH HUMANISTYCZNYCH, ICH RODZAJE I KONSEKWENCJE

65-69

XX

The article proposes that the origins of humanists’ errors are material (incomplete sources) and psychological (the imperfectness of the researcher’s mind, a disregard of responsibilities and of the state of research). Through examples of the editing of the works by Maria Konopnicka, the paper demonstrates how editors made mistakes, which have been duplicated in editions of her texts for over one hundred years. Using the works of Maria Bartusówna, Napoleon Ekielski and Florentyna Niewiarowska as an example, the article also highlights how incorrect bio-bibliographical information is unquestioningly carried forward into subsequent publications, and how it is popularised through the Internet. A mistake in attribution made once leads to irreversible results of erroneous interpretations of works. It also affects the appreciation of particular authors.

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PRZYPOMNIANI „POECI WIELU ODCIENI”

100%

Budrewicz T.

Rocznik Przemyski

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2016

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tom 52

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nr 2(20): Literatura i Język

219-224

6

Myśliwi i naganiacze. Stratyfikacja ról społecznych na pograniczu

100%

Budrewicz T.

Napis. Pismo poświęcone literaturze okolicznościowej i użytkowej

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2015

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nr 21: Sztuka tracenia, sztuka rezygnacji. Samoograniczenie i autocenzura

120-145

EN

The topic of the article is the image of social roles in the hunter’s subculture. The analysed material was chosen from hunter’s memoirs and stories of the 19th and 20th centuries as well as periodicals (“Łowiec” ["Hunter"], “Łowiec Polski” ["Polish Hunter], “Myśliwy” ["Hunter"]). The hunter’s literature has a great informative and documentary potential, and therefore it can serve as a basis of social and cultural conclusions. The hunter’s culture is closed, conservative, patriarchal and elitist – it excludes women and representatives of lower social groups in the social hierarchy. It contains relics of feudal epoch (the pictures of preparations for the hunts and the hunts themselves) as well as many elements strongly connected with military rituals (the canon of hunters’ activities, the hunting language which is a hybrid of military jargon and a code understandable only to insiders). The participants of the hunts create two groups with a strong sociological and cultural demarcation: people from lower class are trackers, beaters and porters, whereas people from upper class have a privileged position as those who stand face to face with an enemy and fight with it to the death.The second part discusses the hunt in the borderland of weather conditions and in the borderland of countries and regions. The hunter in the borderland is a stranger from the outside who clings on to the representatives of the indigenous inhabitants, who live in the place for generations, for support and help. The local culture serves as a metaphor for home, mother and wife, that is for remaining in one place. The hunter in the borderland is a nomad and a traveller, who yields to the attractiveness of the local culture which becomes for him a place of final destination – home.