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Stan rzemiosła w województwach północno-wschodnich II RP w okresie międzywojennym

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Wołkonowski J.

Społeczeństwo i Ekonomia

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2016

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nr 2(6)

7-19

PL

Celem badawczym artykułu jest dokonanie analizy stanu rzemiosła w województwach północno-wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej w okresie międzywojennym. Obiektem badań jest powstanie, funkcjonowanie i rozwój rzemiosła w województwach północno- -wschodnich − białostockim, nowogródzkim i wileńskim. Istotą stosowanej metody badawczej jest analiza porównawcza wskaźników rzemiosła dla trzech województw i porównanie ich ze wskaźnikami krajowymi. Przeprowadzone badanie pozwala stwierdzić, że pomimo dużego zacofania na początku XX wieku północno-wschodnich terenów II RP w okresie międzywojennym nastąpił rozwój rzemiosła, które było ważną gałęzią gospodarki tego regionu. Liczba warsztatów rzemieślniczych na 1000 mieszkańców oraz struktura rzemiosła według grup zawodowych zbliżały się do wartości średnich dla kraju, mimo bardzo słabego kredytowania.

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The Cemeteries of the Soviet Soldiers Killed in the Vilnius Region-Their Transformation After World War II and Their Present State. A Case Study.

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Wołkonowski J.

Institute of National Remembrance Review

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2021-2022

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tom 4

205-241

EN

As many as 7465 Soviet soldiers died during fighting against the German troops in July 1944 in the Vilnius region (today’s Lithuania). After World War II, the Soviet authorities turned the soldiers’ burial sites into cemeteries and war memorials. Located in towns and cities, these places of remembrance served to perpetuate the Soviet perspective on World War II and the Soviet ideology. Nonetheless, the burial sites have been regarded as foreign elements in the region, both culturally and ideologically. After 1990, the Lithuanian government adopted new national and international regulations concerning the burial places of soldiers killed during World War II. In 1992, the local authorities in Nemenčinė (Polish: Niemenczyn) organized an official ceremony during which the remains of the Soviet soldiers were transferred from the town centre to a municipal cemetery. A red star on the monument was then replaced by an orthodox cross. Such changes may help to relieve the towns and cities from the bitter legacy of the former Soviet ideology. After 2000, using the Lithuanian international obligations, the Russian side began reconstructing and contemporizing the places of remembrance by placing the symbol of the orthodox cross next to the symbol of the red star. This may, in time, change the attitude of the local communities towards such places. However, Lithuanian authorities are inclined to believe that the cemeteries of the Soviet soldiers may become a “Trojan horse” and have an adverse effect on Lithuania.

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Education in Polish and a Level of Higher Education of Polish Minority in Lithuania

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Wołkonowski J.

Kultura i Edukacja

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2017

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nr 4(118)

106-121

EN

For centuries there has been Polish-language education in Lithuania which results from the centuries-long presence and tradition of the Polish national minority in this country. Polish education in Lithuania has its successes, but also problems that arise from the political and cultural specificity of the issue. On the one hand, it should be noted that in no other country (except Poland) there are as many state-run schools with Polish language of instruction as in Lithuania, on the other – it must be said that currently Polish-language education in Lithuania has become the source of many tensions in Poland and Lithuania inter-state relations. Polish education in Lithuania was a problem for the communist authorities of Soviet Lithuania, and now – for the authorities of independent Lithuania, which undertake both assimilation and integration activities concerning several thousand students and teachers of these schools. The first part of the article presents the situation of Polish-language education in the period of Soviet Lithuania between 1945 and 1990, marking the desperate struggle of parents and teachers to maintain the Polish language of teaching in these schools. The second chapter analyses the issue during the years of independent Lithuania – between 1990 and 2017, emphasizing the revival of Polish education in 1990–2000 and the persistent pursuit of the Polish minority society in Lithuania of ensuring education in Polish and maintain the existing state. The third chapter examines the indicator of higher education of the Polish minority in Lithuania against a national background, signifying that it was twice lower than the national average throughout the whole period. Moreover, it presents the funding of universities by ‘student basket’ model and proportion of school graduates with Polish language of instruction in this model and assesses the prospect of solving the problem.

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Niektóre polityczno-prawne aspekty pokojowej umowy między Litwą i Rosją z 12 lipca 1920 r.

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Wołkonowski J.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2015

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tom 14

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nr 2

327-338

EN

The paper analyzes selected political and legal issues of the peace treaty between Li- thuania and Bolshevik Russia from 12 July 1920. The treaty had its secret part, which consisted of a few attachments, signed by the representatives of both parties. The most important protocol concerned the neutrality of Lithuania during the Polish – Bolshe- vik war. Lithuania gave permission for the Bolsheviks to use Lithuanian territory for strategic war purposes of the Red Army against Poland. None of these attachments were presented for ratiﬁcation by the Lithuanian parliament. Speeches presented by Lithuanian MPs indicate that none of them knew about the secret attachments. The Prime Minister and Foreign Minister did not inform MPs of their existence. The treaty was ratiﬁed on August 6, 1920. During the debate MPs of the Lithuanian parliament unambiguously supported Bolshevik Russia in its ﬁght against the Polish army. They wrongfully understood the intentions of the Bolsheviks.

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Wymiar sprawiedliwości Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego na Wileńszczyźnie w latach II wojny światowej

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Wołkonowski J.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2007

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tom 5

121-137

EN

The Polish underground jurisdiction in Vilnius Region during World War II consisted of two structures – Wojskowe Sądy Specjalne (WSS), connected with the underground Home Army (Armia Krajowa) and Sąd Karny Specjalny (SKS), connected with the underground civil administration. They were established in 1942 and 1943. The Polish underground jurisdiction played very important role – it was created to establish Polish justice on the occupied by the Nazis territory. Vilnius Region had com- plicated ethnical and political structure at this time. These problems were used by Soviet and Nazi occupants to suppress Polish underground. There were many individuals who collaborated with the occupant’s authorities. The documents concerning individual cases have not been preserved, so it’s difficult to find out how many criminal trials have taken place. According to information form press and other sources there were about 100 cases in WSS, but the number of cases in SKS is unknown. During the Soviet occupation only one death sentence was enforced. During the Nazi occupation 1942-44 the number of enforced death sentences increased to 11. Those who were sentenced were accused of collaboration with Gestapo or NKWD. You should also mention that 5 death sentences could not be enforced, because the sentenced traitors escaped. Some of the traitors took part in Ponary massacre, where 100 thousand of civilians were executed. There are some controversies in two cases, because the death sentences were connected with political views of the accused persons. Generally, the sen- tences were legal and correct.

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Skargi mniejszości żydowskiej na arenie międzynarodowej na zachowanie się żołnierzy polskich podczas wyzwolenia Wilna w kwietniu 1919 r.

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Wołkonowski J.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2007

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tom 5

105-120

EN

In the middle of April 1919 Polish commander Józef Piłsudski decided to start a mi- litary operation to take Vilnius from Soviet hands. This fully successful operation was one of the first operations of the newly created Polish Army. Vilnius was liberated on April 21st 1919. During the fights 28 Polish soldiers and 60 Jewish civilians were killed. Jewish minority, the biggest in Vilnius, has written complaints to western Allies on illegal behavior of Polish Army during the fights. These complaints resulted with sending few internatio- nal commissions to Vilnius. The documents referring to this question can be found in Jewish Scientific Institute in New York (YIVO). The most important are reports of Henry Morgenthau Commission from USA and Stuart Samuel Commission from GB. There are important differences in these reports. They show how complicated the national relations were in Vilnius at this time. The analysis of reports and Polish documents gives us an op- portunity of full reconstruction of Vilnius events in 1919.

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The Beta‑Convergence of the EU–10 Countries and Regions in the Years 2004–2015

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Wołkonowski J.

Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe

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2019

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tom 22

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nr 2

87-104

PL

W artykule została dokonana analiza konwergencji beta krajów ugrupowania UE10 i UE15 dla okresu 2004 i 2015 na czterech poziomach – państwa, NUTS 1, NUTS 2 i NUTS 3. Najsilniejsza konwergencja beta jest na poziomie państw ugrupowania UE10 jednak im niższy jest poziom jednostek regionalnych tym słabsza jest konwergencja beta. Na poziomie NUTS 3 Polski, Słowenii i Węgier stwierdzono dywergencję, co oznacza istnienie procesów konwergencji i dywergencji.

EN

The article analyzes the beta‑convergence of the EU–10 countries and the EU–15 for 2004 and 2015 at four levels – the state, NUTS 1, NUTS 2 and NUTS 3. The strongest beta‑convergence is at the level of the EU–10 countries; however, the lower the level of the regional unit, the weaker the beta‑convergence. At the NUTS 3 level in Poland, Slovenia and Hungary, divergence was found, which means there are convergence and divergence processes.