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1 Świeczyński J.

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Świeczyński J.

Ochrona Zabytków

1984

nr 3

178-186

The a rtic le p oints a t a specific ity a n d c re a tio n of v ariou s fo rm s of d eliq u en cy ag a in s t c u ltu ra l p ro p e rty . This calls fo r u n d e rta k in g complex studies, n o t only c rim in a listic - crim in o lo g ic a l b u t also psychological or sociological ones. T h e ir obje c tiv e is to ex p la in a p h en om en o n of a c rim in a l a n d offence a g a in s t a w o rk of a r t (cu ltu ra l p ro p e rty). The a u th o r shows th a t th e re ex is t positive socially d e sired v alues, w h ich in some w ay d e te rm in e th e e x isten c e of th e ab o v e -m en tio n ed deliquency. This is collecting. F a c to rs conditioning th e ex isten c e an d u n iv e rsa lity of co llectin g as well as m a te ria l an d a rtis tic f e a tu re s of th is p h en om en o n h av e b e en discussed in th e re p o rt. T h e conclusion is a th e sis th a t changes in th e sp h e re of re la tio n s ta k in g place b e tw e en th e society an d w o rk of a r t h av e re su lted in th e emergence of new customs, i.e. a commercial a ttitu d e to th e wo rk of a rt a n d d e g e n e ra tio n of collecting. In th e motives of offend e rs a g a in s t w o rk s of a re we always find d eg en e ra ted rem in isc en c e s of th is fine passion. The a u th o r discusses in d e ta il psychological p remises of collecting an d an om a lie s in th is re sp e c t as e ss en tia l in th e mo tiv a tio n of offen siv e acts. A change in th e fu n c tio n of a r t as a r e s u lt of its d eh um an iz a tio n an d c ap ita liz a tio n is also p o in ted out. This b ro u g h t a b o u t a n in v a sio n on th e m a rk e t of g re a t fin an c ie rs, inc re a se in prices, consolidation of th e w o rld m a rk e t tra d in g in w orks of a r t as well as th e c re a tio n of a c rim in a l m a rk e t. The a u th o r proves th a t a g re a t boom for w orks of a r t in 1958/1959 was closely lin k ed w ith an inc re a se in th e n um b e r of offences. N ex t to tra d itio n a l methods, th e re eme rg ed a new in te rn a tio n a l c a teg o ry of offences — ro b b e ry an d and smuggling of w o rk s of a rt. The re p o rt includes a list of th e o bjects mo st freq u e n tly su b je c ted to th is kind of offences. Basing on his own stu d ie s th e a u th o r comes to th e conclusion th a t th e im p o rtan c e a tta ch e d to e x p la in in g mo tiv es of th e a c tin g of th e offenders ag a in s t w o rk s of a r t is n o t adeq u a te . He also points a t u n e mployed po ssib ilite s of th e stu d ie s in h e re n t in th e c u rr e n t files of th e police emphasizing th a t an oficial in q u e s t a n d a co u rt tr ia l do not p e rm it an ex a c t e x p la n a tio n of th e m o tiv a tio n of acting. He looks for common fe a tu re s in th is field in a c ts th a t occurred in d iff e r e n t co u n trie s. The a u th o r proposes his own co n s tru c tio n of th e mo tiv e of action, m ak in g it possible to avoid d ifficu ltie s flowing from diffe ren c e s in describing a mo tiv e in psychology. He discusses th is p ro b lem in b rie f a n d co n c e n tra te s on a c rim in a listic side of th e p ro b lem co n sid e rin g th e m o tiv a tio n connected e x c lu siv e ly w ith offences ag a in s t w o rk s of a rt. He develops h is views to fin a lly d istin g u ish out th re e m a in groups of mo tiv e s — c alled „premise s” — th a t stim u la te offen d e rs, n am e ly psychological, psychopathological an d so cial motives. Each of th ese groups is discussed in d e ta il a n d su b -g ro u p s a re singled out. Psychological p re mises in clu d e: a w ill of rev en g e , a w ill to compensate fo r m o ra l in ju stic e su ffe red , a se a rch of som e th in g new (new works) fo r a sp ecific ex p e rien c e , to become famous, to w in p u b lic ren ow n , to g e t singled out of th e an o nymous c rowd (ro b b e ry a im ed a t re co v e rin g some a r t ob ject ju s t „by a c c id e n t” to r e tu rn or ev en to destroy it la te r, h um ilia tio n th a t a specific w o rk of a r t is owned by somebody else, someone w h o had ta k e n it over, occ asionally by force, e.g. th e in v ad e r). H e re we may also in clu d e th e fa c t th a t a specific w o rk of a r t adds to th e fam e of some o th e r n a tio n an d n o t one’s own nation. Psy ch o p a th o lo g ic a l p rem ise s include: liv in g th ro ugh d e fin ite ex p e rien c e s asso ciated w ith a su b stan c e of a n a r t o b ject (e.g. k in d of fetishism), s e lf-id e n tific ation w ith a w o rk of a rt, relig io u s in s an ity , e x a g g e ra ted religious cult, id o la tro u s c u lt fo r th e w o rk of a rt, ad o ra tio n , a m o rb id co llectin g passion, m an ia involving a compulsion to possess a specific w o rk of a rt. In th e social p rem ise s a su b -g ro u p of economic p rem ise s has been d istin g u ish ed a n d th e y comprise: a will of mak in g p ro fit in th e fo rm of p ossessing a w o rk of a r t because of its se co n d a ry m a te ria l v a lu e , irre sp e c tiv e of its a b s tra c t (sp iritu a l) v a lu e or b rin g in g th is v a lu e down ex c lu siv e ly to th e m a te ria l one. A motive of p ro fit th ro u g h s te a lin g a w o rk of a r t because of th e v a lu e of th e m a te ria l from w h ich it has been mad e w ith no re sp e c t to its v a lu e as a w o rk of a r t (made of gold, pla tin um , w o rth le ss te x tile b u t d e co ra ted w ith diamonds, etc.c.), a motive to in v e s t th e c ap ita l, to in c re a se th e fo rtu n e , sp e cu la tio n s w ith w o rk s of a r t because of th e ir m a te ria l v a lu e , a mo tiv e to compensate fo r th e losses su ffe red (e.g. d eceit w h en b u y in g forged w orks of art), ste a lin g a w o rk of a r t in o rd e r to m ak e a fa k e copy of it w ith th e aim to sell it la te r. The n e x t su b -g ro u p covers sociological p rem ise s w h ich include: ignorance w hich m ay d e stro y or ru in th e w o rk of a rt, a motive to ad d sp len d o u r, p re s tig e , sp iritu a l v a lu e s of th e fo rtu n e possessed, a sm a rt w ay of disp lay in g on e ’s w e a lth , n eg a tio n of religious v a lu e s, symbols of fa ith an d a d monitions an d commands a ssociated w ith it, a wish to d is c red it th e au th o ritie s , to d raw a tte n tio n to the Jack of c a re over w o rk s of a rt, to show d ile tan tism , to p ro te s t ag a in s t fashion, tre n d s in a rt, styles or specific a rtis ts or a n a ffirm a tio n of th ese fa c to rs, in frin g em en t of a p e rso n a l sense of ju stic e , k in d of a social p ro test. The la s t su b -g ro u p comprises p o litic a l premises, out of w h ich we may m en tio n a mo tiv e to o b ta in defin ite effects th ro u g h a cts of te rro r, p a trio tic reasons. An in d e p e n d e n t p rem ise w h ich m ay a p p e a r in an y of th e listed groups as co ex istin g has b e en singled out: th is is a mo tiv e to deface evidence of th e crime. R e c ap itu la tin g all discussed fo rms an d v a ria tio n s of deliq u en cy p rin c ip a l causes of it h ave been listed.