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How to execute the judgement of the Strasbourg Court in the case Paksas v. Lithuania?

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Sinkevičius V.

Przegląd Prawa i Administracji

2013

tom 92

57 - 72

The article examines in what way Lithuania may and must execute the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 6 January 2011 in the case of Paksas v. Lithuania. On 6 April 2004, the Seimas removed, following impeachment proceedings, R. Paksas from the office of the President of the Republic for a gross violation of the Constitution. In its ruling of 25 May 2004, the Constitutional Court held that a person who had been removed from office for a gross violation of the Constitution or a breach of the oath may never, in the future, be elected President of the Republic or a member of the Seimas. In the judgment of 6 January 2011 in the case of Paksas v. Lithuania, the European Court of Human Rights found that the absolute prohibition set out in the Lithuanian legal system for R. Paksas to ever stand for election to parliament was disproportionate, and that, having established such a prohibition, Lithuania had violated Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. In the article the conclusion is drawn that in order to execute the ECHR judgment at issue, it does not suffice to amend the Law on Elections to the Seimas — to that effect an amendment to the Constitution would be necessary, since the said absolute prohibition, whereby a person who has been removed from office by the Seimas following impeachment proceedings for a gross violation of the Constitution or a breach of the oath may never again be elected a member of the Seimas or President of the Republic, stems from the Constitution.

Integration Processes and Dual Citizenship

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Sinkevičius V.

Baltic Journal of Law & Politics

2009

tom 2

nr 2

31-55

When relations of citizenship are regulated, it is very important to assess new actual situations, as well as the latest needs of society and the state and to react to them adequately. It is important that the Law on Citizenship defines which persons are citizens of the Republic of Lithuania, and in what situations a citizen of the Republic of Lithuania may be also a citizen of another state, since citizenship is not only a formal legal category, but it is also always inseparably related with the issues of sovereignty, national identity, political order, and the rights and freedoms of persons. While regulating the citizenship relations from the restoration of the State of Lithuania in 1918, the view was upheld that, as a rule, a citizen of Lithuania may not also be a citizen of another state at the same time, and that dual citizenship was allowed only in individual cases established in the law. The development of legislative regulation of citizenship after the 1992 Constitution entered into effect shows that legislation gradually widened the circle of persons who were allowed to be citizens of the Republic of Lithuania and of another state at the same time. In 2006, when a legal dispute arose regarding the compliance of some provisions of the Law on Citizenship with the Constitution, the Law on Citizenship used to contain the legal regulation whereby the absolute majority of citizens of the Republic of Lithuania, regardless of where they lived - in Lithuania or another foreign state - were allowed to be citizens of another state at the same time as well. By its ruling of 13 November 2006, the Constitutional Court recognised such legal regulation as being in conflict with the Constitution. If the legislator were really committed to following the provision that dual citizenship may be a widespread phenomenon - and this would be so if, alongside the cases specified in the draft Law on Citizenship, one would provide that also the persons who left Lithuania after 11 March 1990 are allowed to have dual citizenship-it would be necessary to correspondingly amend the provisions of Article 12 of the Constitution. This can be done by referendum only. No matter how the legislative regulation of the relations of citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania will be amended in the future, one must pay heed to the provisions of the Constitution, including those which entrench equality of rights of all persons and non-discrimination on grounds of ethnicity.