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Panowie i niewolnicy – gospodarka okresu halsztackiego

100%

Gralak T.

tom 27

51-72

During the Hallstatt period in Central Europe, profound cultural, economic, and social changes occurred. This is due to the emergence of new technologies ‒ primarily iron metallurgy. Another element is the vicinity of the dominant economic system, i.e., the broadly understood Mediterranean civi-lization, especially the Etruscan cities in Italy. These asymmetrical relationships forced social changes in the areas north of the Alps. An important factor was probably the slave trade, which forced violence and armed struggle. This resulted in a progressive militarization, which is visible through the construction of defensive settlements and the strengthening of farms. The consequence was extreme social stratification and the domination of aristocratic elites. Thus, the stability of such a system depended on the relationship with the dominant partner. In a situation of disruption of relationships, a crisis must have arisen, resulting in the collapse of this culture model.

Działalność Hunów w Europie jako przykład zderzenia cywilizacji

100%

Gralak T.

Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia

2023

tom 28

25-54

The result of the military, political and economic activity of the Huns in Europe was the depopulation of vast areas, massive ethnic changes, and the destruction of many previous political organisms. The question arises as to why they were so successful. They had knowledge and skills that were alien to the European civilization of that time but perfectly known among the nomadic population of Central Asia and China. Therefore, their activity can be seen as a confrontation of different cultural models. In this sense, it was a clash of civilizations – almost in a sense proposed by S. Huntington.

Znaleziska z miejscowości Górzec w pow. strzelińskim w kontekście przemian kulturowych okresu wędrówek ludów

100%

Gralak T.

nr 58

67-89

In the eighteenth and nineteenth century in the vicinity of the village of Górzec was found a set of artefacts probably representing scattered treasure from the beginning of the Migration Period. Such deposits are an expression of the rapid changes in the circulation of capital and the perception of value in this period. The influx of large quantities of gold and changes in silver’s value resulted in rapid changes in the status of various groups and individuals. An unstable social hierarchy is a prerequisite for the existence of the phenomenon of the potlatch, i.e. the ostentatious consumption or removal of goods from circulation. It seems that the deposits of the Migration Period should be considered this way. In 2010-2011 in the area of Górzec, excavations were undertaken. The aim was to discover of the remains of settlements from the time of the deposition of the treasure. As a result of this work, the existence of a settlement from phase D-D2 of the Migration Period was revealed. Hence, it is most likely that it is slightly younger than the treasure, but this is still open to question.

„Użył jak pies w studni”, czyli o pochówkach zwierzęcych z osady w Polwicy-Skrzypniku, pow. Oława, z późnego okresu wpływów rzymskich i początku okresu wędrówek ludów

100%

Gralak T.

tom 60

107-132

A large number of animal bones, mainly dogs’ remains, were identified among features at the settlement in Polwica 4, 5/Skrzypnik 8. It was established that they were deposited in various ways. The bones were recognized as remains of sacrifices. They has been often discovered in wells, which suggests the existence of a repeated ritual of filling in the wells. An attempt was made to describe these finds structurally.