Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

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Canis lupus familiaris. Symbolika psa w historii, sztuce i literaturze – zarys problematyki

100%

Filipek S.

Roczniki Humanistyczne

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2021

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tom 69

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nr 4

447-470

EN

The dog has accompanied humans ever since the dawn of time. It has taken part in hunting, served as a guardian of property, and as a pet for entertainment. It has been associated with positive qualities such as loyalty, devotion, vigilance and attachment. Over the centuries, it has gained a number of representations in culture and art, both positive and negative. It is worth noting that, besides the cat, it is the only animal which has appeared in all cultures and beliefs from the dawn of time down to the present day. In antiquity, it had already gained a special place in the court of the pharaohs, as well as in the pantheon of the gods in Egypt or among the Greek gods as their companion. It was present in the lives of the rich and the poor, and was used for various purposes. Not surprisingly, the rich biblical symbolism, which, interestingly, in the Old Testament, has negative overtones, was later replaced by positive interpretations in the New Testament, the writings of the Church Fathers, and hagiographies. The dog has thus been not only a symbol of fidelity, devotion, self-sacrifice and courage, but also one of licentiousness, greed and hostility, as is shown in this study, which makes reference to various biblical and artistic themes. Folk beliefs emphasise the importance of the dog in witchcraft, magic and even healing, presenting it as an unusual animal. It is also featured in such spheres as heraldry, numismatics, sphragistics, and on postage stamps and medals. Today’s mass culture has produced a number of new references to the dog in film, literature, comics and animation, all of which combine the wealth of this symbolism developed over the centuries, especially as icons of fidelity and devotion.

PL

Pies towarzyszy człowiekowi od zarania dziejów. Brał udział w polowaniach, służył jak stróż mienia, pupil do zabaw, dlatego kojarzono go z cechami pozytywnymi, takimi jak wierność, oddanie, czujność, przywiązanie. Przez wieki zyskał szereg odniesień w kulturze i sztuce, mających charakter tak pozytywny, jak i negatywny. Warto zaznaczyć, że jest on, obok kota, tym zwierzęciem, które jest obecne we wszystkich kulturach i wierzeniach od zarania dziejów po dzień dzisiejszy. Już w starożytności zyskał szczególne miejsce na dworze faraonów, a także w panteonie bogów w Egipcie czy pośród bogów greckich, jako ich towarzysz. Był obecny w życiu bogatych i biednych, wykorzystywany do różnorakich celów. Nie dziwi także bogata symbolika biblijna, która, co ciekawe, w Starym Testamencie ma znaczenie negatywne, zastąpione później wykładnią pozytywną w Nowym Testamencie, u Ojców Kościoła i w hagiografii. Pies był zatem nie tylko symbolem wierności, oddania, ofiarności i odwagi, ale też symbolem rozwiązłości, chciwości, zachłanności, wrogości, co ukazano w niniejszym wywodzie, odwołując się do różnych motywów biblijnych i artystycznych. Wierzenia ludowe podkreślają znaczenie psa w gusłach, magii, a nawet leczeniu, prezentując go jako zwierzę niezwykłe. Pojawia się on również w takich sferach, jak heraldyka, numizmatyka, sfragistyka, a także znaczki pocztowe i medale. Dzisiejsza kultura masowa wytworzyła szereg nowych odniesień do psa w filmie, literaturze, komiksie, animacji, łącząc w sobie bogactwo symboliki wypracowane przez wieki, zwłaszcza ikony wierności i oddania.

2

Bioinformatyka strukturalna białek transbłonowych

100%

Filipek S.

Kosmos

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2009

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tom 58

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nr 1-2

57-66

EN

Our genome is composed of 20-30 % of membrane proteins but number of structures of these proteins known and deposited in public databases is still small. However, new achievements in experimental techniques, especially microfocusing of X-ray beam enabling diffracting of microcrystals, as well as mutagenesis leading to obtaining of thermostable mutants are real hope for quick emerging of new structures. Theoretical methods for determination of structure of membrane proteins are still in infant phases. Usage of homology modeling is limited by small number of membrane proteins which are necessary to serve as templates whereas ab-initio methods are confined to predicting of small membrane proteins or parts of larger ones only. The area which the bioinformatics is foremost in is prediction of dynamical behavior of proteins in lipid bilayer which is still mostly inaccessible to experimental methods. Full-atom as well as coarse-grain molecular dynamics methods are used to describe investigated systems in different time scales and with different accuracy.

3

G protein-coupled receptors - recent advances

45%

Latek D. , Modzelewska A. , Trzaskowski B. , Palczewski K. , Filipek S.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

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2012

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tom 59

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nr 4

515-529

EN

The years 2000 and 2007 witnessed milestones in current understanding of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) structural biology. In 2000 the first GPCR, bovine rhodopsin, was crystallized and the structure was solved, while in 2007 the structure of β2-adrenergic receptor, the first GPCR with diffusible ligands, was determined owing to advances in microcrystallization and an insertion of the fast-folding lysozyme into the receptor. In parallel with those crystallographic studies, the biological and biochemical characterization of GPCRs has advanced considerably because those receptors are molecular targets for many of currently used drugs. Therefore, the mechanisms of activation and signal transduction to the cell interior deduced from known GPCRs structures are of the highest importance for drug discovery. These proteins are the most diversified membrane receptors encoded by hundreds of genes in our genome. They participate in processes responsible for vision, smell, taste and neuronal transmission in response to photons or binding of ions, hormones, peptides, chemokines and other factors. Although the GPCRs share a common seven-transmembrane α-helical bundle structure their binding sites can accommodate thousands of different ligands. The ligands, including agonists, antagonists or inverse agonists change the structure of the receptor. With bound agonists they can form a complex with a suitable G protein, be phosphorylated by kinases or bind arrestin. The discovered signaling cascades invoked by arrestin independently of G proteins makes the GPCR activating scheme more complex such that a ligand acting as an antagonist for G protein signaling can also act as an agonist in arrestin-dependent signaling. Additionally, the existence of multiple ligand-dependent partial activation states as well as dimerization of GPCRs result in a 'microprocessor-like' action of these receptors rather than an 'on-off' switch as was commonly believed only a decade ago.