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Kosowo : w oczekiwaniu na ostateczny status : implikacje polityczne i wojskowe

100%

Węgrzyn E.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

2007

tom nr 3(68)

109-134

Disintegration of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia which occurred after Cold War did not come to an end autonomously, which is visible in unsolved territorial claims. The disintegration was frozen under the terms of Dayton Peace Agreement and UN Security Council 1244 resolution by founding International interim protectorate in An Autonomous Province Kosovo. The agreements signed then have temporary basis only and do not assure stability in the region of the Balkans. This sketch focuses on the situation in Kosovo from the negotiations in Rambouillet throughout the political and military implications of Operation Allied Force and certain aspects of the activities of KFOR (Kosovo Forces) and United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo up to nowadays. For almost eight years there has been post conflict peace building in Kosovo. NATO military forces and civilian administration under the direct leadership of the UN strive to provide the residents of the province with security, humanitarian aid, effective administration, democratic institutions and conditions for reconstruction and economic development. UNMIK gathers the efforts of UNHCR, OSCE, EU and Special Representative of the Secretary-General UN. International powers gradually hand down the competence to Provisional Institutions of Self-Governmental formed in the region. Despite the efforts of numerous international agencies and significant financial support the problem of the return of internally displaced persons and refugees has not been solved on a satisfactory level. There are still incidents of violence against non-Albanians and violation of minority rights. The police statistics, poverty, unemployment deepened by stagnation and high increment birthrate create a pessimistic image. Kosovo is also not free from organized crime, international or trans-national crime which results in smuggling, women smuggling, arms and drug trafficking, money laundering and mafia links of some politicians. In 2006 Montenegro became independent of Serbia and the nearest months will be decisive for the final status of Kosovo and possibly for Bosnia-Herzegovina torn into two state organisms. The answer will also be found to the question of functionality of the ways to solve international conflicts such as the theory of humanitarian intervention, responsibility to protect or multifunctional peace operations which were prepared to meet the requirements of post-cold-war World Order.

Modified analytical method for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, using SEC for sample preparation and RP-HPLC with fluorescence detection. Application to different food samples

51%

Węgrzyn E. , Grześkiewicz S. , Popławska W. , Głód B. K.

Acta Chromatographica

2006

tom No. 17

233-249

An HPLC method with fluorescence detection has been developed for determination of eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with four to six condensed aromatic carbon rings in edible oils and smoked products. The method employs preparative size-exclusion chromatography for efficient one-step lipid removal without saponification; benzo[b]chrysene is used as internal standard for quantification. Two other methods (liquid–liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction) were tested for onestep clean-up and sample enrichment but it was found that one-step procedures did not remove lipids completely. Linearity of calibration plots was good for all PAH in the concentration range from the detection limit (approx. 0.1 ppb) to 100 ppb. The repeatability (RSD, n = 6) for different PAH ranged from 0.5 to 5%. Analysis of standard reference materials from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (mussel tissue, SRM 2978), the Community Bureau of Reference (coconut oil, CRM 458), and the Central Science Laboratory (olive oils, FAPAS 0615, 0618, and 0621) resulted in a good agreement between measured and certified concentrations. The method described has been used for determination of the PAH content of twelve samples of edible oil, rape seed, milk powder, hens’ egg white and yolk, smoked sausage, white cottage cheese, and sprats. The PAH were identified from their fluorescence spectra.