The chemistry and apparent cation size effects associated with swelling of the layered precursor of zeolite MCM-22 are discussed in detail and rationalized. The swelling is achieved with a custom made solution, hexadecyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (CTMA-OH) due to combination of high pH and adsorption of the cation on the surface. Alternative swelling mixtures comprising surfactant chloride (CTMA-Cl) and another base, i.e. Na or tetraalkylammonium hydroxide (alkyl = methyl, ethyl, propyl) have been tried. Swelling occurred only with the tetrapropylammonium base indicating competition between CTMAand the accompanying cation. Tetrapropylammonium cation (TPA) size appeared greater (i.e. ~ 9 in diameter) than the spacing between silanol groups (8.2 ) on the surface, which made it less effective in competition with the surfactant cations for electrostatic attachment to the surface.
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