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Transient cavities in liquids and the nature of the hydrophobic effect

100%

Pohorille A.

tom Vol. 72, nr 7S

1680-1690

The size distributions of transient cavities in water and organic liquids, obtained from computer simulation, have provided a new means to analyze the nature of the hydrophobic effect and to evaluate the adequacy of different analytical models of this effect. The poor solubility of non-polar solutes in water is attributed to a low probability of finding in water cavities of atomic and molecular size. It has been shown that water applies more force per unit area of cavity surface than do hydrocarbon liquids. Models that successfully capture the main characteristics of the hydrophobic effect must at least include information about the density and the radial distribution of oxygen atoms in liquid water. One such model, quantitatively accurate for molecular solutes of arbitrary shape, is presented.

How information about probabilities and pay-offs is combined in risk judgment?

63%

Sokolowska J. , Pohorille A.

nr 3

141-152

In most theories of risk judgment, it is assumed that probabilities and payoffs combine multiplicatively. However, there is empirical evidence that risk judgment is better represented by an additive combination of probability and utility. So far, this additive relation has been demonstrated only for risk rates averaged over all participants. Thus, it may be argued that the observed additive combination rule is an artifact of averaging individual strategies focused either on probabilities or payoffs. In this experiment, both the average and individual risk rates were compared with prediction of the multiplicative and additive models. The additive model provides good description of actual risk rates, both for the averages and for a majority of participants individually, whereas the multiplicative model performs poorly. Moreover, the analysis of the relative importance of payoffs and probabilities in risk judgments points to individual differences in weighting both factors but does not support concerns that the additive relation between probability and amount of loss results from averaging individual strategies, in which participants pay attention to only one of these two dimension.