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THE DELINEATION OF THE EDUCATION STANDARDS FOR THE CITIZENS OF A FREE COUNTRY. A DEBATE ON THE ROLE OF AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES IN POST-WAR CONDITIONS, FEBRUARY-MAY 1946 (Polish title - below)

100%

Grafa K.

nr 1

91-103

(Title in Polish - 'Wyznaczanie standardów ksztalcenia obywateli wolnego kraju. Debata na temat roli uniwersytetów amerykanskich w realiach powojennych, luty-maj 1946r.'). The article presents a conference on education and scientific research on international relations, conducted upon the initiative of the Council on Foreign Relations in 1946. In the wake of the Second World War, the new role played by the US upon the international arena became the reason for great pertinent interest on the part of American society. Higher education institutions were to fulfil a double function: the education of citizens to understand the state policy and become capable of consciously fulfilling their duties, and the education of the elites, which were to govern the state. The authoress also analysed the challenges faced by American universities, i.e. the preparation of a syllabus that would balance two approaches to international relations: idealistic and realistic, as well as guarantee a suitable level of didactics addressed to B.A., M.A. and Ph.D. students. Education and research dealing with international relations should mould a society capable of comprehending the ensuing obligations and confrontations of a new reality.

THE STRUGGLE FOR HEARTHS AND MINDS. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF 'CULTURAL DIPLOMACY' AS AN INSTRUMENT OF USA FOREIGN POLICY IN 1945-1961 (Walka o 'serca i umysly'. Znaczenie 'dyplomacji kulturalnej', jako narzedzia polityki... USA w latach 1945-1961)

100%

Grafa K.

nr 1

95-110

The article discusses the most important initiatives from the range of 'cultural diplomacy' during at the Presidency of Harry Truman and D. Dwight Eisenhower, and their role in the ideological-cultural clash between the USA and the USSR. The authoress focused her attention on a characteristic of the cultural and scientific exchange programmes - their legal foundations and importance, stressing other domains of 'cultural diplomacy' such as information and propaganda. The long-range cultural and scientific exchange programmes intended to create bonds and facilitate contacts, and remained a prominent component of 'cultural diplomacy' since they resulted in better understanding between representatives of assorted nations. The group of their addressees, which initially included the West, gradually widened and became part first of the logic of containment and subsequently - during the 1950s - of the doctrine of liberation. During the initial stage of the Cold War improved mutual understanding, and thus a better comprehension of the so-called communist world and its diversity, proved to be of crucial importance in the struggle waged for the 'hearts and minds' by the USA and the USSR.