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Populizm penalny. Definicja, przejawy, ocena

100%

Stępień J.

Przegląd Legislacyjny

2022

nr PL 3 (121)/2022

94-119

The aim of the study is to analyze the phenomenon of penal populism and to formulate a new, synthetic definition of it, taking into account the achievements of Polish and foreign legal doctrine. Through a critical analysis of the definitions already formulated, drawing on the achievements of 20th-century philosophy, the author will try to take into account all the features constituting the policy of penal populism in its definition, as well as assess the discussed phenomenon, showing the potential threats and opportunities resulting from it. The author will go to the roots of the phenomenon of populism as such, indicate its etymology, history, the possibility of transposing this concept onto the legal ground and discuss the mechanism of criminal law-making in a populist manner, pointing to alternative solutions.

Zakres autonomii Kościoła katolickiego przy obsadzaniu urzędów kościelnych w III Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej

100%

Stępień J.

Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne

2019

tom 28

nr 3

195-210

The autonomy of the Catholic Church while filling ecclesiastical offices has been one of the most important guarantees of independence from secular authority since the beginning of the Christian community. Because of the role of the Church in society, the restriction of this freedom has been the subject of constant interest of secular authorities. By influencing an ecclesiastical office secular authority gained a potential instrument for its political strengthening and actual influence on a given community. As far as possible the Church has attempted to avoid the influence of secular authorities, which had various results, depending on historical and social circumstances. The article focuses on discussing the contemporary solution adopted in the constitutional order of the Third Republic of Poland. The analysis of the relevant provisions is preceded by a description of the specific foundations of the current situation of the Church in Poland and the presentation of the issue of the ecclesiastical office according to the canon law. The last part of the considerations is supplemented with elements of legal solution from the Second Republic of Poland in order to present the evolution of views on this element of mutual relations of both the Church and the state.