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Aspekt brytyjski w działalności Stanisława Mikołajczyka jako wicepremiera Tymczasowego Rządu Jedności Narodowej (28 czerwca 1945 - 8 lutego 1947)

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Matera P.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

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2001

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nr 71

139-158

EN

This article higlights the role of the British policy in the activity of Stanisław Mikołajczyk after the Second World War when he had already become the Vice Prime Minister of the Polish Government established on the conference in Yalta in February 1945. During the war Mikołajczyk was the Prime Minister of the Polish Government in Exile since July 15th 1943 till November 23rd 1944. In that period he was under hard pressure of the British politicians (Winston Churchill and Anthony Eden) who wanted him to agree to Soviet demands according to which Poland should accept „Curzon line” as her eastern border. It was the condition of the re-establishment of the Polish-Soviet relations having been broken in April 1943. The British politicians insisted on it. Mikołajczyk who could not obtain the consensus within his own government to fulfil that condition, resigned from his post on November 23rd 1944. He decided to come back to Poland and become a member of Polish government dominated by communists depended on the Soviet Union. Mikołajczyk became the vice prime minister. He believed that future parliamentary elections would be supervised by international committee from Great Britain and the United States. He counted on the support of the majority of Poles for his party PSL (Polish Peasant Party). But Great Britain found no possibilities to support Mikołajczyk. Also the United States did not care about the fulfilment of Yalta’s statement which stipulated free elections in Poland. Mikołajczyk sent a lot of reports describing the situation of his oppositional party which due to the persecutions could not act in a normal way. He had a contact with the British journalists who imparted those news abroad. British government only sent the notes with disapproval of postponing the data of elections. The official Polish-British relations were getting worse and worse. The members of the Communist Party (PPR) called Mikołajczyk „an imperialist agent” . They accused him of acting against Polish reasons of State. That is why his contacts with the British ambassador in Poland Victor Cavendish-Bentinck were strictly limited. Mikołajczyk was also supervised by Polish political police. Still he was disappointed by British opinion about Polish western border. During the Second World War the British politicians suggested him that Poland would obtain territorial compensation from Germany for the losses in the east. But once the war had been over they changed their attitude. British politicians wanted Mikołajczyk’s party to join the communist’s block of parties and resign the opposition before the elections. Formally they supported him but in fact they could not do anything to give him a real help so they lose their interest in the future of Poland. Despite this fact Mikolajczyk’s party decided to take part in the elections on January 19th 1947. The majority voted for PSL but results of elections were forged. PSL received only 28 places for 444 in the parliament. British government had sent the note indicating that it was impossible to accept these elections but then no other action was undertaken. In October 1947 Mikołajczyk got an information that he would be arrested. He had asked for help American and British embassies and he escaped from Poland to London on the board of British ship „Baltavia” on October 20th 1947.

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Francuskie zastrzeżenia wobec „moratorium Hoovera” z 20 czerwca 1931 r.

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Matera P.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

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2003

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nr 76

141-163

EN

The year 1931 was particularly hard period of the Great Depression that began in October 1929. The serious crisis could be observed in Germany. It revealed in bankruptcies of many enterprises and banks. On the 26th May 1931 there was a crush in the Berlin Stock. That is why the President of the United Slates - Herbert Hoover decided to announce the one-year moratorium on all the “governmental” payments: the war debts and reparations. This decision was caused by numerous connections between American capital and Germany, but Hoover officially stated it was for improving international co-operation and economic situation of the world. All main powers approved this proposal, but the government of France submitted many reservations. According to the French point of view, moratorium was contradictory to the "Young Plan" from 1930. They wanted Germany to pay the “unconditional” part of their reparations. For the French moratorium not only provoked the danger of abandonment of reparations but also the departure from the principles of Versailles Treaty. On the 27th June 1931 in Paris the conversations between French and American politicians were begun. After many divergences, the agreement was finally reached on the 6th July. The French forced the solution that “unconditional” part of reparations would be paid to the Bank of International Settlements and would be given back to Germany as the loan. The attitude of France delayed the coming into force of moratorium. It also destroyed “ the psychological effect” of Hoover’s proposition, which did not restore confidence and spirit of international co-operation.

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Stanowisko delegacji Stanów Zjednoczonych na Konferencji Monetarnej i Ekonomicznej w Londynie (12 czerwca-27 lipca 1933)

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Matera P.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

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2002

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tom 75

67-90

EN

October 1929 is recognised as the beginning of the Gre at Depression. On the last days of this month there was a serious crash on the New York’s Stock. Since then, the economic situation of most countries of the world has been getting worse. Soon it became certain that all the countries had to co-operate to cope with difficulties such as unemployment, drop of the prices and barriers in the international trade. That is why in July 1932 it was decided to call the conference in which all the countries of the world would take part to deal with the main problems of the depression and to decide about the means of co-operation. The conference began on the 12th June 1933 in London. The government of United States sent its delegation with the Secretary of State - Cordell Hull. But the new president Franklin Delano Roosevelt had just started his program of New Deal - an attempt to finish the depression in his own country. In order to achieve this aim he had resigned the gold standard for dollar and he decided to concentrate on home affairs. He had known that interference of United States in European afTairs is not popular among the public opinion of his country. That is why he told American delegation that the main task for them was to negotiate the trade treaties based on „the most favoured nation” clause and the better condition for American export. Till the beginning of the conference, many difficult problems between the United States and Europe were unsolved. One of the most important was the problem of war debts which European countries wanted to renegotiate. There was still hope that United States would lead world to the prosperity again, but during the conference it appeard to be impossible. The critical point of the debates was on 5th July. American delegation announced the message of president Roosevelt that his government was not interested in stabilisation of dollar and found it unuseful. Many delegations, particularly French for which this problem was essential, wanted to stop conference immediately. But it continued till 27th July and it brought no important results or settlements. The collapse of the conference was the great disappointment to the isolation policy of the United States and it caused lack of confidence and proved that there was no will of co-operation between countires against the results of the Great Depression.

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Związki polityki i ekonomii w badaniu stosunków międzynarodowych

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Matera P.

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2012

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nr 1

219-238

EN

The objective of this article is to present the development of the International Political Economy (IPE) as the sub-discipline of the international relations. It deals with the influence of political decisions on the economy, and the economic situation on the political activities of the states. The genesis of the IPE can be traced in the 1970s. when the major changes in the world economy occurred. The greater attention was paid to the impact of those events on the international relations and the policy of particular states. The pioneer books were published then: theoretical ones and the works which presented the international relation from a new perspective. The article includes also the basic definitions, the scope of the research as well as the methodology applied in the IPE. The theories (based on mercantilism, liberalism and structuralism) and the new approaches: ecological, feminist critique etc. are also presented. In the last part of the text the concepts of the role of the economic factor in foreign and domestic policy of the nation states are analyzed.

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China as the Strategic Competitor in the Debate on TPP in the United States

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Matera P.

International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal

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2018

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tom 22

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nr 1

85-102

EN

The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) was negotiated with participation of the U.S. representatives from 2008. It was discussed not only in terms of the economic consequences of it. The proponents of signing TPP claimed that it would strengthen the alliances in Asia-Pacific region, curtail the Chinese influences and let the U.S. establish the global trade rules for the future. The debate on this issue took place in the Congress, also the front runners of the presidential elections of 2016 expressed their standpoints. The attitude of public opinion will be also presented as well as the position of Donald Trump which resulted in the withdrawal of the United States from the agreement once he became the President of the U.S.

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Moralność i religia a rozwój kapitalizmu w ujęciu Deepaka Lala

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Matera P. , Matera R.

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2011

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tom 14

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nr 1

55-65

EN

The economist Deepak Lal researches the influence of morality and religion on the shaping of capitalism in different civilizations. His thought was confronted with the remarks of other institutionalists. Lal tries to find out what was the influence of the cost of transactions and the religious beliefs on the evolution of capitalism in chosen countries and regions. Lal claims that materialistic beliefs of agricultural civilizations had not played the key role in the economic growth. The reforms in the Church in the Middle Ages allowed to spread of the instinct of exchange and production of homo oeconomicus. As a result the individualism started to dominate over collectivism. Lal tries to prove that the individualism was not the basis of the Christian faith. The following virtues as: diligence, discipline, frugality, self-help, self-control have had secular origin and nowadays they are more common in India and China than in the West. The Asian civilizations face the dilemma during the economic expansion of the West. They had to choose the path of their development. China and India followed Japan and they modernized without westernization. They tried to find middle course between the tradition and the modernity. We tried to emphasize in the article, that none of the religions have determined the economic fate of the countries. Rather, the morality of the societies and the decision-makers’ beliefs had an influence on economic development.

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Introduction

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Matera P. , Mierzejewski D.

International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal

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2018

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tom 22

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nr 1

5-8

8

Plato’s The Republic recovered. A few ethical, economic and social aspects in contemporary dialogues

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Głodowska A. , Matera P. , Matera R.

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tom 20

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nr 6

7-20

EN

The main purpose of the article is the presentation and interpretation of some ethical, economic and social aspects in the works of Plato. The division of labour, wealth, the meaning of money, use of interest and paying taxes are the most interesting problems in Plato’s vision of The Republic. There one can also find some current problems such as the attitude of citizens towards their states, the ethical standards required of the authorities or the role of women. This article was written in the form of a dialogue; the same as the works of Plato.