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EN
Naegleria fowleri is a pathogenic amoeba that propagates in fresh water. It causes severe meningoencephalitis in infected humans (PAM, primary amebic meningoencephalitis). The mortality rate of this disease reaches over 99%. Most of the cases have been reported in the United States and have occurred mostly in summer. The prevalence of the disease in animals has been significantly lower than in man so far. Cases have been reported in cows, sheep, gibbons, gorillas, and tapirs, and experimental infections have been induced in mice. Meningoencephalitis is accompanied by progressive neurological signs. In the necropsy, the thickening of the meninges and multifocal areas of cerebral and cerebellar malacia are diagnosed. Histologically, a multifocal, necrosuppurative meningoencephalitis with areas of mallacia containing ameba trophoziotes are visible. The diagnosis of the disease is difficult. Ameba may be detected in the cerebro-spinal fluid, but often only after a culture of necropsy samples has been performed. The following techniques are used to diagnose the disease: immunofluorescent staining, light and confocal microscopy, ELISA, PCR, and RQ-PCR.
EN
Lyme borreliosis is the most frequent tick-borne disease in humans, as well as in animals. The main reservoir of its causative agent, Borelia burgdorferi, are small rodents, but other domestic and wild mammals, as well as birds, can also be infected. The most common vector of these bacteria in Poland is the tick, Ixodes ricinus. Owing to significant difficulties of isolation and in vitro cultivation, it is almost impossible to detect this microorganism in a routine bacteriological examination. Because of great variety within the species, B. burgdorferi has been divided into different genospecies, some of which exist in Poland. The most common way for the bacteria to invade the host organism is through a tick bite, but they can also enter from tick feces through damaged skin or transplacentarily or through inhalation. Initially, the bacteria multiply at the site of a tick bite and then migrate to the bloodstream and different organs. The first phase of the disease is erythema migrans, and then such forms as neuroborreliosis, joint involvement, cerebral dural sinus thrombosis or the Alice in Wonderland syndrome can occur. In dogs most of B. burgdorferi infections are symptomless. They usually develop the disease after a reinfection, in which the musculoskeletal system, the neurological system and often the heart are involved. In horses, clinical signs appear very rarely. In the first phase of the disease a long-term antibiotic therapy is of great importance to prevent the occurrence of the chronic form. In dogs, vaccination can be used. Recently, thanks to new diagnostic methods, such as immunoenzymatic assays, flow cytometry and western blotting, the detection of the disease, also in animals, has increased significantly in the last decade. Molecular techniques involving microfluidic systems, the so-called “lab-on-chip” devices, are an early and unambiguous identification method of a B. burgdorferi infection. The aim of this method is to obtain and specifically multiply the desired DNA fragment with PCR. All this happens within an integrated microlaboratory (lab-on-chip) with the use of real-time fluorometric detection.
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nr 04
34-35
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tom 35
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nr 05
68-70
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