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1
Content available Między statycznością i mobilnością
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tom nr 7
107--109
3
Content available remote Miasto osiedli jako obiekt agresji społecznej
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EN
Lives in today's large cities can develop along huge numbers of various scenarios. Completely different are, however, the scenarios adopted by the people of success or the people from the social margin: the unemployed, the homeless, or youth without prospects. Excluded communities perceive the city in a unique manner, and they identify themselves with the city. Specific "cities in cities" develop. They are populated by the people who are unable to use fully the achievements of the present-day civilisation. The city areas where such problems concentrate especially are large housing estates. The process of decreasing positive social identification is accompanied by the processes of growing "claimant" identification. Instead of "neighbourhood individuals," groups representing youth subcultures appear. Their identification develops by denying the existing social and spatial reality. Such negation proceeds from verbal criticism to graffiti to vandalism. The term of "blockers" signifies rebels against the helplessness of life in large-panel housing estates. The "blockers" claim the communal space: staircases, corridors and building surroundings. In extreme cases, crime and terror prevail at housing estates. A method of combating the subcultures that blow up housing estates from inside may be to develop social integration centres by grassroot activities and self-organisation of tenants. Such centres would work for discharging frustrations and generating social expression. Thus, "cities of social expression" could be created within the "cities of frustration." The centres would consist of the following, e.g.: 1. Small sports facilities: fenced playgrounds, gymnasiums, or fitness clubs. 2. Gathering places, or warehouses. 3. "Graffiti Zones" for legal art (e.g. walls, portions of building walls, or screens). 4. "Expression Zones": separate locations for playing (loud) music (even underground facilities), designed for noisy events that are nightmares for housing estates. 5. Unique elements, e.g. facilities for extreme sports, climbing walls, skaters' rings etc.
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Content available remote Współczesny detal architektoniczny - projekcja indywidualizmu twórczego
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tom R. 109, z. 5-A/2
342--346
PL
Hybrydowy charakter architektury (rozpiętej między dziedzinami sztuki i techniki) odzwierciedla się w funkcjonowaniu dwóch sieci detali. Sieci te wchodzą między sobą w różne relacje. Sieci detali architektury tradycyjnej były skodyfikowane i podporządkowane jednemu w danej epoce dyskursowi. W architekturze współczesnej, podobnie jak w innych dziedzinach twórczości, zasada dominującego dyskursu dobiegła kresu. Obecnie każdy twórca kreuje własny mikrokosmos sieci detali.
EN
The hybrid character of architecture (spread between the disciplines of art and technology) is reflected in the functioning of two networks of details. These networks enter into various types of relations with each other. The networks of traditional architecture were codified and subordinated to a single discourse which predominated in the given period. In contemporary architecture, similarly as in other disciplines of art, the principle of the predominant discourse has come to an end. At present, every artist creates his own microcosm of detail networks.
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Content available remote Oblicza oszczędności
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PL
Artykuł jest próbą omówienia znaczenia fenomenu oszczędności w kształtowaniu współczesnej kultury i architektury. Oszczędność - pojęcie z dziedziny ekonomii - transponowane jest na różne dziedziny życia. Skoncentrowano się na dwóch jej aspektach. Pierwszym jest świadome dążenie do oszczędności przekazu (ekonomii informacji), począwszy od zasady brzytwy Ockhama poprzez eliminację ornamentu przez Adolfa Loosa do współczesnego minimalizmu. Drugim aspektem jest społeczna rola oszczędności i jej związki z dążeniem do egalitaryzmu: asceza - jej różne postacie, asceza "wewnętrzna" ("wewnątrzświatowa") w ujęciu weberowskim, walka ze "zbytkiem" filozofów francuskiego oświecenia, walka z marnotrawstwem "konsumpcji na pokaz" w ujęciu Veblena. Obydwa te aspekty oszczędności "spotykają się" i integrują we współczesnej rzeczywistości, sztuce i architekturze.
EN
The paper constitutes an attempt to discuss the meaning of the phenomenon of frugality in the shaping of contemporary culture and architecture. Frugality - the concept belonging to the sphere of the economy - is transposed on to various walks of life. The author focuses on two of its aspects. The first one is a conscious striving towards the economy of communication (economy of information), beginning with the principle of Ockham's razor, through the elimination of ornament by Adolf Loos, to the contemporary minimalism. The second aspect is the social role of frugality and its links with the striving towards egalitarianism: asceticism - in its different forms and shapes, "internal" ("inner-worldly") asceticism in the Weber conception, the struggle with "excess", as represented by the philosophers of the French Enlightenment, the struggle with the wastage of" conspicuous consumption" in Veblen's theory. Both aspects of frugality "meet" and become integrated in the contemporary reality, art and architecture.
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Content available remote Zastosowanie metody nanoindentacji w badaniach elastomerów uretanowych
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PL
Badane w niniejszej pracy elastomery uretanowe i uretanowo-mocznikowe syntezowane były jednoetapowo lub dwuetapowo. Techniką nanoindentacji wyznaczono moduł sprężystości podłużnej (Younga) i twardość oraz dokonano korelacji wyników z twardością Shore'a. Opisano metodykę pomiarów oraz dokonano analizy porównawczej otrzymanych wyników. Omówiono otrzymane wyniki w aspekcie budowy chemicznej uzyskanych elastomerów uretanowych.
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The aim of the study was to investigate the possibility of using nanoindentation for determining the fundamental properties of polyurethane elastomers. Polyurethane elastomers have been synthesized in one or two-steps synthesis with a glass reactor. We determined a Young's modulus and hardness by nanoindentation, and the results correlated with a Shore hardness. Explained the methodology of measurement and comparative analysis of the results.
EN
The paper presents chosen aspects of an integrated Dutch program for the safe space design and creation - Veilii; Woncn (Live Safely). The main goals of the program are: I. - lo reduce the number of burglary (up lo 90% achieved in approved estates), 2. - to gel pleasant surroundings and stronger sense of safely, and 3. - lo receive the lower insurance rates. Basic elements of a safe estate are its proper physical space planning and good social relations. To prevent pathological (criminal) behaviors, the program emphasizes the role of a community, aims at diversification of building and inhabitant types (their wealth, age). Very important becomes urban design of a neighborhood and entire area, also public spaces. The program strongly emphasizes social supervision - eyes on the street (J. Jacobs, O. Newman) - as a factor which considerably increases the safety. To enable social participation, the view lines from surrounding houses, as well as proper lightning of paths, entrances and squares have lo be provided. The program offers a very coherent list of urban design and architectural requirements. Detailed guiding rules have been established by creating physical and social barriers between the perpetrator and his/her target.
EN
The paper provides a summary of" the two-year research work conducted in Małopolska Region within the "Sale Grain mar-School" program. The program is of social character, comprehensive. The parties of the experiment are: school superintendent's office, police, teachers, parents, schoolboy autonomy and experts: architects, sociologists and psychologists. Dangerous factors and places have been determined by identification of a threat problem and followed by an indication of solutions - substantial design and usable guiding rules. The guiding rules have been to some extent inspired by the Dutch program "Vcilig Woncn" ("Live Safely"), though the final effect is an entirely original work, adjusted to Polish conditions. The goal of the project is to create a transparent space, to enable "social observation", to make the space more readable, to stimulate the spatial order, to re-establish social bonds within the school and between the school and the housing estate. In the elaboration we have concentrated upon selected issues. We have discussed problems encountered on the way to school, associated with the school sports Held -which may give rise to youth centres in the housing estate, and other issues such as: corridor spaces transformed into spaces for integration, the cloak rooms as places particularly dangerous in school, intentionally to be made friendlier. We have presented methods of preventing devastation and graffiti (so called broken windows syndrome (Kelling, Coles 2000), and discussed the necessity of fast intervention - damage and harm liquidation. The school may become a link which influences the surroundings, increasing the safety level in the neighbouring residence areas. A safe school actually indicates a safe housing estate.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wdrażanie w kopalni „Bogdanka” techniki strugowej urabiania w ścianach wydobywczych przy eksploatacji pokładu 385/2 o grubości 1,2÷1,8 m. Prace przygotowawcze do wdrożenia prowadzone były w latach 2008–2009. W marcu 2010 r. uruchomiona została pierwsza ściana badawcza wyposażona w kompleks strugowy Bogdanka-1. W 2012 roku uruchomiona została ściana wyposażona w drugi kompleks strugowy Bogdanka-2, a trzeci jest zakontraktowany z terminem dostawy na rok 2014. Obecne doświadczenia praktyczne obejmują wybranie tą techniką trzech całych ścian o łącznym wybiegu około 9,1 km i wydobyciu 8,3 mln ton węgla.
EN
This paper presents the implementation in „Bogdanka" mine of plough technique of coal winning in the active longwalls during the exploitation of the seam 385/2 of 1.2-1.8 m thickness. Development works for implementation were carried out in 2008-2009. In March 2010, the first investigation longwall was started that was equipped with a plough set Bogdanka-1. In 2012 the longwall was started equipped with a plough set Bogdanka-2, and the third plough set was contracted with delivery in 2014. The current practical experience assumes the extraction, by this technique, of three complete longwalls of total advance of about 9.1 kilometers and mining of 8.3 million tons of coal.
PL
Współczesny przemysł stawia coraz większe wymagania stosowanym technologiom produkcji elementów maszyn, m.in. w celu zapewnienia prawidłowych kształtów ich krawędzi. Rzeczywista geometria krawędzi jest w znacznym stopniu zdeterminowana zadziorami powstającymi w trakcie obróbki, a ich usunięcie jest konieczne ze względów bezpieczeństwa montażu jak i zapobiegania wpływu zadziorów na przebieg procesów tarcia i zużycia roboczych powierzchni elementów maszyn. Obecność zadziorów na krawędziach wymaga wykorzystania dodatkowych operacji technologicznych do ich minimalizacji lub usuwania.
EN
The paper describes the influence of drilling regimes and coatings of HSS drills on the shape of burrs, roundness accuracy and increases in the diameter of the through holes in aluminum alloy EN AW-6063 sheets. When using drills without coating the next types of holes are formed: without burr, with large uniform burr, with drill cap, with large uniform burr and drill cap, with large uniform burr, crown and petals perpendicular to the direction of the hole axis or elongated in the direction of the hole axis. Coated drills form burrs of last two types. The effect of coating on the holes accuracy is variable. It depends on the coating composition as well as the feed rate and cutting speed values.
PL
W niniejszej pracy zaprezentowana została technologia uzyskiwania nowych tworzyw elastomerowych poprzez chemiczną modyfikację PET giętkimi segmentami polieterowymi (PTMO). W pracy porównano wyniki badań DSC i rozciągania cyklicznego materiału uzyskanego poprzez : zmieszanie reaktywne PET z PTMO z uprzednią częściową glikolizą PET za pomocą glikolu Ś etylenowego jak również materiały uzyskane bez uprzedniej glikolizy PET.
EN
The technology of obtaining new elastomeric materials based on chemical modificatio PET by soft polyeter segments PTMO is presented. DSC analyses as well as the results of c tensile tests of two kinds of materials obtained by reactive mixing of partially glycolized PET PTMO and PET/PTMO without PET glycolysis are compared.
EN
The stability of the polyethylene acetabulum cemented on a substrate made of frozen bone grafts was investigated. The force was applied to the edge of the acetabulum and the magnitude of the force and resulting displacement were recorded. These tests were preceded by stress testing, during which the acetabulum was subjected to loading forces of 1 or 3 kN through 100,000 cycles. Additionally the influence of the thickness of grafts layer on the overall stability of an implant was also determined. The experiments proved that such factors as initial compacting of bone grafts, magnitude of the loading force and thickness of grafts layer greatly affect the stability of the artificial acetabulum.
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