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1 Wiadomości Archeologiczne

1 2006

1 Żórawska A.

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Grób kultury wielbarskiej z cmentarzyska z wczesnej epoki żelaza w Tynwałdzie na Pojezierzu Iławskim

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Żórawska A.

nr 58

201-2007

The region around Lake Tynwałd is one of the best investigated archaeologically in the Iława Lake District. This is mainly thanks to lively activity in 1930ies of Waldemar Heym, head of the Heimatmuseum in Marienwerder (now, Kwidzyn) and Alfred Ruppelt – schoolteacher at Tillwalde, Kr. Rosenberg (now, Tynwałd), subsequently head of the Heimatmuseum in Marienburg (now, Malbork). An outstanding concentration of Early Iron Age sites east of Lake Tynwałd, on a small elevation known as Mittelwald, included the largest flat cemetery of Westbalt Barrow Culture as yet recorded, numbering no less than 109 features (Tynwałd, distr. Iława, woj. warmińsko-mazurskie, site XXVII), situated on the southern and south-western slope of the elevation. The material from the site was analysed and interpreted by A. Łuka basing on surviving pre-1945 documentation. A deposit of special interest at the cemetery at Tynwałd is grave labelled ‘no. 102’; not published in full the assemblage gave rise to some confusion in its identification and culture attribution. The grave had the form of an urn deposited in natural sand; the urn, type XVIIIB was covered by a bowl, type XaA in the classification system of R. Wołągiewicz. Grave goods consisted of a bronze bucket-shaped pendant fashioned from horizontally profiled sheet foil (Fig. 1), type HI in I. Beilke-Voigt’s classification (at present in the Museum in Kwidzyn). The vessel forms and the pendant classify the assemblage unmistakably as Wielbark Culture of the Late Roman Period; this overthrows earlier culture attribution and dating of the feature to Westbalt Barrow Culture of the Late Pre-Roman Period or the beginning of AD 1st century. At the same time archaeologists lose their main argument in favour of survival of Westbalt settlement in the Iława Lake District until AD 1st century, a hypothesis largely based on the cited incorrect dating and culture attribution of ‘grave no. 102’ at Tynwałd. Equally interesting is the geographic context of the grave. It is the only Roman Period site recorded in this part of the micro-region of Lake Tynwałd. Zones of ‘Early Iron Age’ and ‘Roman Period’ settlement visibly do not overlap ie, Westbalt settlement clusters east of Lake Tynwałd, Wielbark settlement – south and west of the lake. Given the thoroughness of investigation of the Mittelwald it is highly unlikely that a larger gravefield of the Wielbark Culture should have escaped detection. It is a perplexing question why ‘grave no. 102’, with its Wielbark inventory, was deposited in an older, ‘strange’ burial ground rather than in one of the gravefields of the Wielbark Culture then in use in the region. Answering this question calls for some strenuous mental exercise and a separate discussion with little hope for much assistance from archaeological evidence at present available.