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EN
This paper presents new distribution stands for 70 species of lichenized town from Łomża town (Podlasie, NE Poland). The investigations in the area of Łomża were carried out in the years 2014–2015, on 34 research stands. Seven species have been put on the Red list of the lichens in Poland (Cieśliński et al. 2006), including Rhizocarpon lavatum in critically endangered – CR, Ramalina fastigiata, R. fraxinea in the endangered category – EN, in the Ramalina farinacea in the vulnerable category – VU and Evernia prunastri, Hypogymnia tubulosa, Physcia aipolia in the category of near threatened – NT and five have been put under legal protection, two of which are strictly (Ramalina fastigiata, R. fraxinea) and three of which are partially protected (Cladonia arbuscula, Hypogymnia tubulosa, Ramalina farinacea). The lichens occur on following substrate types: soil, decaying wood, bark of all trees and shrubs species, boulders, concrete, foundation, mortar, plaster and bryophytes.
3
Content available Lichens as indicators of air pollution in Lomza
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EN
Research using lichens as bioindicators of air pollution has been conducted in the city of Łomża. The presence of indicator species of epiphytic and epilithic lichens has been analysed. A 4-point lichen scale has been developed for the test area, on the basis of which four lichenoindication zones have been determined. The least favourable conditions for lichen growth have been recorded in the city center. Green areas and open spaces are the areas with the most favourable impact of the urban environment on lichen biota.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia wyniki autorskiej identyfikacji mechanizmów i sposobów podnoszenia efektywności edukacji dla bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Omówiono pięć przedmiotowych mechanizmów oraz 15 zbudowanych na tej podstawie sposobów. Wszystkie one wyrażają olbrzymi potencjał możliwości III i IV etapu edukacyjnego we wdrażaniu rozwiązań służących podnoszeniu poziomu wiedzy i umiejętności, wpływających na bezpieczeństwo narodowe RP w ramach edukacji dla bezpieczeństwa.
EN
Effectiveness of education for security in Polish schools is a well graded attribute of conformance of educational activities for security with previously assumed objectives, taking proceeding at 3rd and 4th level of education into consideration. It respects structural rationality as well as profitable coincidences. As far as the authors’ experience is concerned, five mechanisms of raising the effectiveness of education for security were distinguished. There are: the conceptual mechanism, the safety sense mechanism, the subliminal mechanism, the rivalry mechanism and organizational mechanism. Basing on identified mechanisms, the following manners of raising the effectiveness of education for security were described: the synthesis of taxonomic categories of cognitive branch, the proper selection of educational forms and methods, the proper selection of didactic manners, the synthesis of educational content, the safety sense creation, the form competition, the school competition, the interschool competition, the ulterior educational programs, the guests invitation, the school visitations, the evacuation exercises. The character of mentioned mechanisms and manners realizes that, in most cases the spectacular foundation is no needed. Mostly, the huge potential has its source in teachers, who can deal with these considerations’ results as ready-to-use solutions or as the reference points to their own considerations concerning raising the effectiveness of education for security in Polish schools.
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