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Projektowanie uniwersalne jako sposób na tworzenie warunków do edukacji włączającej w szkołach

100%

Ślusarczyk C.

e-mentor

2013

nr 5 (52)

65-68

For the last 20 years various measures have been taken to reduce inequalities in the education of disabled people. These measures are supposed to facilitate meeting the goals of inclusive education, i.e. educating people with disabilities in public schools. This article touches upon the main factors determining the implementation of inclusive education at universities in Poland and shows the usefulness of universal design in this respect. The author supports implementing universal design and suggests specific actions in order to provide all the students and students with disabilities in particular, with the right conditions to pursue education.

Wykorzystanie dyfraktometrii rentgenowskiej do badania morfologii polimerów stosowanych do produkcji geosyntetyków

63%

Bączek M. , Ślusarczyk C.

Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering

2022

tom 3(23)

10-20

X-ray methods are very useful tools for the structural characterization of polymer systems. Considering the angular range in which X-ray scattering is registered, one can distinguish wide-angle (WAXS) and small-angle (SAXS) X-ray scattering techniques. WAXS method is most frequently used to characterize crystalline regions in semicrystalline polymers. By means of these method one can estimate the weight fraction of the crystalline regions (i.e. the degree of crystallinity), the mean sizes of crystallites and the orientation of crystallographic planes towards the chosen direction. WAXS can also be used to determination of polymorphism in polymers. Application of SAXS method to the investigation of two-phase polymer systems yields information about the long period of the lamellar structure, the thickness of crystalline regions in lamellar stacks and the thickness of the transition layer between crystalline and amorphous regions. For amorphous two-phase polymers SAXS permits determination of the correlation lenght which is connected with mean sizes one of the phase. In the case of fractal systems SAXS is used to estimate the fractal dimension. This paper will briefly discuss individual X-ray methods and present specific examples of their applications in the evaluation of the supermolecular structure of several selected types of fibers made of polymers used for the production of geosynthetics, i.e. polyester (PES) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN).