Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

DEPRESSION, AGING, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL THREAT - THE SAME OR DIFFERENT MECHANISMS OF COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS?

100%

Sedek G.

|

2004

|

tom 12

141-156

EN

Explanations of the cognitive difficulties of depression, aging, and stereotype threat often make use of similar theoretical concepts from the basic cognition literature, however contributors to those literatures do not often communicate directly with one another. Progress in this direction requires that we construct task paradigms to measure theoretically postulated cognitive mechanisms. Comparison across different group contrasts on the same task will eventually allow us to compare the profiles of selective impairments in cognitive functions of various groups relative to a control group. The research described in this chapter represents one attempt to tackle that problem, using the linear order paradigm. This paradigm enables to examine the maintenance function of working memory and to compare the participants on generative reasoning task that require them to integrate piecemeal information into a coherent mental model. We demonstrated that both depressed students and students threatened by negative stereotype have problems with generative reasoning. However, older participants, although having their reasoning ability preserved, suffered from serious problems of preserving important input information in memory during processing. To conclude, low performance in linear order reasoning across different populations reflects clearly different impairments: more basic cognitive dysfunction of memory maintenance in older age and integration deficits in depression and in stereotype threat condition.

2

The influence of aging on context reasoning

100%

Sedek G.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

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2015

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tom 75

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nr Supl.

EN

In my talk I will discuss results and implications of published and unpublished studies on influence of aging on higher order cognitive processes like context reasoning. The first studies demonstrate that although aging and depression impaired transitive reasoning the mechanisms of these limitations are quite different. In the case of aging these deficits in reasoning might be derived from limitations in more basic cognitive processes like mental speed or working memory capacity, whereas in the case of depression there seem to be genuine constraints in integration of premises into more coherent mental structures like mental array. The next studies on transitive reasoning across adult life span (compared and young adults, middle-aged adults and older adults) show intriguing interactions between age and modal forms of reasoning. There were visual formal, visual narrative, and auditory narrative forms of presenting premises for transitive reasoning. The additional manipulation concerned the motivation to avoid cognitive closure, motivation to promote cognitive closure, and control group. Older adults showed the pattern of increasing accuracy for solving transitive problems from visual formal, by narrative text, to auditory narrative form while the young adults showed the exactly opposite pattern. Hence, there were striking differences between age groups in visual formal reasoning and the age group differences were diminished for the auditory narrative reasoning especially under the manipulation to avoid cognitive closure. In conclusion I will present more general implications (including applications for effective cognitive trainings among older adults) for the findings that older adults are especially efficient in extracting logical inferences from narrative materials.

3

THE COMPARISON OF COGNITIVE LIMITATIONS IN WORKING MEMORY IN DEPRESSION AND OLD AGE: A REVIEW AND CONCLUSIONS FROM OWN RESEARCH

63%

Brzezicka-Rotkiewicz A. , Sedek G.

Psychological Studies

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2005

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tom 43

|

nr 1

63-74

EN

This paper presents the analyses of limitations in working memory functions among older adults in comparison to depressed students and to appropriate control participants. The first part reviews the newest findings from the neuroimaging studies on working memory among depressed and older adults. These studies showed some interesting similarities in activation of brain regions involved in working memory functioning and its specific pattern in either depressed or elder persons. The next part presents the reanalysis of the performance of more or less complex working memory tasks by depressed and older adults. In these reanalyses the authors applied the Brinley plots for comparing results from different populations and from tasks of varied difficulty. After reviewing research findings they suggest that both old age and depression may limit the working memory functioning, but the mechanisms of these limitations are different in each group.

4

Evaluation of extravascular resistance in the unloaded fibrillating left ventricle of the dog

63%

Sedek G. , Michalowski J.

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1984

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tom 35

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nr 1

5

Determination of time limits of myocardial viability in dogs by means of reocclusion of coronary artery

63%

Sedek G. , Michalowski J.

|

tom 30

|

nr 1

6

Tension - time index based on direct measurement to tension as the correlate of oxygen cosuption of the ventricular muscle

51%

Lewartowski B. , Michalowski J. , Sedek G.

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tom 30

|

nr 1

7

A new approach to the direct measurement of tension within the outer layers of the left vebtricular wall of the dog heart

45%

Lewartowski B. , Michalowski J. , Zdanowski K. , Sedek G. , Kulakowski Z.

Acta Physiologica Polonica

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1977

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tom 28

|

nr 5

8

A role for the right prefrontal and bilateral parietal cortex in four-term transitive reasoning: An fMRI study with abstract linear syllogism tasks

38%

Brzezicka A. , Sedek G. , Marchewka A. , Gola M. , Jednorog K. , Krolicki L. , Wrobel A.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

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2011

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tom 71

|

nr 4

EN

Previous imaging studies have identified many brain regions activated during reasoning, but there are differences among the findings concerning specific regions engaged in reasoning and the contribution of language areas. Also, little is known about the relation between task complexity and neural activation during reasoning. The present fMRI study investigated brain activity during complex four-term transitive reasoning with abstract material (determinate or partially indeterminate) and compared the resulting images to those obtained during a memorization task. The memory condition required subjects to memorize unrelated elements whereas the reasoning conditions required them to integrate information from premises and to infer relations between elements. After contrasting the two kinds of reasoning conditions with the memory condition we found that right prefrontal and bilateral parietal regions are specifically activated during reasoning. We also demonstrated that different reasoning requirements - the possibility of constructing one (determined reasoning) versus several (undetermined reasoning) models of a situation during task solving - lead to different patterns of brain activity, with higher prefrontal (PFC) activity accompanying undetermined reasoning. We interpret the PFC activity as a reflection of simultaneous maintenance and manipulation of information in reasoning. These findings provide new evidence that specific forms of reasoning (abstract and undetermined) demand recruitment of right PFC and hemispheric coordination and lend new support to the mental model theory of relational reasoning.

9

Effect of surgery and experimental myocardial infarction on blood free fatty acid and triiodoothyronine levels in the dog

38%

Wasilewska-Dziubinska E. , Nauman A. , Lewartowski B. , Nauman J. , Michalowski J. , Sedek G.

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tom 30

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nr 1