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Van privileges tot republiek: Evolutie van de taal van de Opstand. Een woordenboek / From the Privileges to the Republic: the Evolution of the Language of the Dutch Revolt. A Dictionary

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Szmytka R.

Werkwinkel

2015

tom 10

nr 2

103-114

The second half of the 16th century is regarded as the decisive moment in the history of the Low Countries. The politics of religious intolerance and financial oppression practiced by the Habsburg governors resulted in protests and, finally, in the open revolt of the Provinces under the leadership of the princes of Orange and Nassau. The aim of this work is to follow and reconstruct the ideas of political thought accompanying the events leading to the rise of a new state. In the dicussed state forming process the main emphasis was put on the issues of freedom, states, and sovereignty, as well as on the concept of the possibility of dismissing the obedience inherited from the medieval privileges. These concepts and terms created a special sort of dictionary of the Dutch political thought.

Antwerpia około 1570 roku. Spacerem po szesnastowiecznej metropolii

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Szmytka R.

tom 11

nr 1-2

In the second half of the 16th century, Antwerp was one of the biggest and most important cities of the Old world. as a centre of typography, art, local and over- seas trade, it played a crucial role in the Habsburg monarchy.What did the landscape of the city inhabited by 100,000 people look like and how did they live? Has anything remained of its glorious past? the main aim of the present article is to show Antwerp in its Golden age. such an experiment requires a travel guide, in this case Lodovico Guicciardini’s Descrittione di tutti i Paesi Bassi, and a city plan. Georg Braun’s and Frans Hogenberg’s Civitates orbis terrarum also provides us with a description of Antwerp at the time in question.Our retrospective walk begins in the southern suburbs of Antwerp with the joyous entry of prince Philip, the son of emperor Charles V. through the Keizerspoort (emperor’s gate) we enter the city and follow its streets filled with the noisy rumble of tradesmen who came there from all over Europe, encouraged by its prolonged fairs and a harbor easily docking even the biggest sea ships. we ad- mire the churches, abbeys, and public buildings which were landmarks for citizens of Antwerp in their everyday life.

Rozwój drukarstwa w Niderlandach w XVI wieku na przykładzie Antwerpii i rola druku podczas antyhiszpańskiego powstania

100%

Szmytka R.

DEVELOPMENT OF TYPOGRAPHY IN THE NETHERLANDS IN 16TH CENTURY ON THE EXAMPLE OF ANTWERP AND THE ROLE OF PRINTING DURING THE DUTCH REVOLT The Netherlands and especially Antwerp acted a significant role in developing of printing. The Scheldt city, called one of the three typographical capitals of Europe, was in the 16th century famous of its stock exchange, merchants, skilled artists and craftsmen. All of them where converged by guild of Saint Luke in which very strong position took the fraternity of printers. In the second half of 16th century the main role played there Christoffel Plantijn and his De Gulden Passer publishing house. This article is focusing on the developing of printing in the Netherlands on the example of Antwerp in comparative perspective to other cities in this region and Venice. I’m describing conditions which have had the main infl uence on evolution of printing methods in the metropolis and bringing closer characteristic attributes of Antwerp’s typography as well as figures of main printers and publishers. In the second half of 16th century began the revolt against Spanish reign in the Netherlands, which evolved to one of the longest confl icts of Europe – the Eighty Years War. Fighting factions started to use for the first time in history of the propaganda possibilities created by printing. Books and devotional pictures conceded to political texts, pamphlets, leafl ets and broadsheets. The simplicity of manufacture, quickness of duplication and low market price of these prints caused that the propaganda appeared in the modern meaning. Because the role of typography during fi rst twenty years of the Dutch Revolt is hard to overestimate, I’m also pointing main streams of use of such propaganda texts, methods of dissemination and censorship. The fall of Antwerp after one-year siege in 1585 ended a golden age of this metropolis. But the transfer of Weltwirtschaft centre to Amsterdam and later to London didn’t stop Antwerp’s typography. Situated in city publishing houses were still working. Only the variety of publication languages and topics were confi ned to catholic and mostly Spanish and Latin texts.