The role of a translator in the translation process was defined a long time ago, yet, it is not always clear that the relationships of translation equivalence are entirely translator-depended. This means that a translator not only applies already existing equivalence relationships (potential translation equivalence), but he also creates such. The concept of translation transformation, mostly encountered in works by Russian authors, is used relatively rarely; however, it may be applied to illustrate the way a translator creates relationships of translation equivalence. It is also an instrument used to explain the phenomenon of creativity in translation and individual aspects of translator's input. Descriptions of translation transformations, present in literature, in the author's opinion, require some improvement, particularly in relation to the classification of types of translation transformations. This paper presents a new proposal for such a classification.
The relation of Translation Studies to Applied Linguistics is not presently the question unequivocally perceived or determined. In particular, it should be considered if it is reasonable to place Translation Studies within the framework of Applied Linguistics which is done by the authors who refer to F. Grucza's claims. Deliberations on this issue, conducted with reference to various concepts in translatology, make the author acknowledge that Translation Studies is a linguistic discipline, but as a whole, is not embraced within Applied Linguistics. The theory of translation, i.e. theoretical studies of translation, should be placed outside Applied Linguistics, leaving within its scope various areas of Applied Translation Studies, namely: translation criticism, translation didactics, studies of particular translation types, studies of translation in specific languages, and of particular text types, studies of community interpreting, and also – with certain reservations – the history of translation.
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