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1

Przewodność elektryczna paliw do turbinowych silników lotniczych F–34 i F–35 (JET A–1) w łańcuchu dystrybucyjnym

100%

Białecki T.

Journal of KONBiN

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2015

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tom No. 4 (36)

123--134

PL

Tematem publikacji jest zmienność przewodności elektrycznej paliw do turbinowych silników lotniczych w łańcuchu dystrybucyjnym. W publikacji przedstawiono metody zapobiegające powstawaniu niebezpieczeństw elektryczności statycznej. Badania, do których wykorzystano paliwa powszechnie stosowane do zasilania silników cywilnych (Jet A – 1) jak i wojskowym statków powietrznych (F – 34), prowadzone były w trakcie rzeczywistego zabezpieczenia paliwowego statków powietrznych w lotniczej jednostce wojskowej. Przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu temperatury na wartość przewodności elektrycznej paliwa do turbinowych silników lotniczych.

EN

The paper presents a changeability of electrical conductivity of jet fuels in distribution. Author described the methods used to prevent the formation of the dangers of static electricity. Research was carried out on two basic fuels used worldwide to power engines in civil (Jet A – 1) and military aircrafts (F – 34), during real fuel supplies in aviation military unit. Results of influence of temperature on the electrical conductivity of jet fuel are presented.

2

Redukcja emisji dwutlenku węgla kierunkiem rozwoju paliw lotniczych

100%

Białecki T.

Journal of KONBiN

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2014

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tom No. 1 (29)

59-68

PL

Publikacja przedstawia kierunek rozwoju paliw do silników odrzutowych, wyznaczony przez redukcję emisji dwutlenku węgla w lotnictwie. Tematyka ta jest efektem realizacji założonego przez Organizację Międzynarodowego Lotnictwa Cywilnego celu zmniejszenia o połowę emisji CO2. Dodatkowo przedstawia możliwości zastosowania drugiej generacji biopaliw w lotnictwie oraz rentowność zastosowania takiego paliwa przez linie lotnicze na skalę komercyjną.

EN

The paper presents the development direction of jet fuel, designated by the reduction of carbon emissions in aviation. This subject is a result of the assumed by the International Civil Aviation Organization target of reduction in CO2 emissions of 50%. The paper presents also applicability of the second-generation biofuels in aviation and the profitability of the use of such fuel by airlines on a commercial scale.

3

The laboratory test rig with miniature jet engine to research aviation fuels combustion process

63%

Gawron B. , Białecki T.

Journal of KONBiN

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2015

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tom No. 4 (36)

79--90

EN

This article presents laboratory test rig with a miniature turbojet engine (MiniJETRig – Miniature Jet Engine Test Rig), that was built in the Air Force Institute of Technology. The test rig has been developed for research and development works aimed at modelling and investigating processes and phenomena occurring in full scale jet engines. In the article construction of a test rig is described, with a brief discussion on the functionality of each of its main components. Additionally examples of measurement results obtained during the realization of the initial tests have been included, presenting the capabilities of the test rig.

PL

Tematem publikacji jest laboratoryjne stanowisko hamowniane MiniJETRig (Miniature Jet Engine Test Rig) zbudowane w oparciu o miniaturowy silnik odrzutowy, wytworzone w Instytucie Technicznym Wojsk Lotniczych. Stanowisko przeznaczone jest do realizacji prac badawczo – rozwojowych, mających na celu modelowanie oraz badanie procesów i zjawisk zachodzących w rzeczywistych silników odrzutowych. W artykule przedstawiono budowę stanowiska wraz z krótkim opisem funkcjonalnym poszczególnych elementów składowych. Zaprezentowano również przykładowe wyniki pomiarowe uzyskane podczas realizacji wstępnych testów hamownianych, prezentujące możliwości badacze stanowiska.

4

Measurement of exhaust gas emissions from miniature turbojet engine

63%

Gawron B. , Białecki T.

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tom R. 55, nr 4

58--63

EN

This paper presents a methodology developed to measure exhaust gas emissions during operation of a miniature turbojet engine, using a laboratory test rig. The rig has been built for research and development works aimed at modelling and investigating processes and phenomena occurring in jet engines. The miniature jet engines, similarly to full–scale ones used commonly in air transport, are characterized by variable exhaust gas emissions, depending on engine operating parameters. For this reason, an attempt has been made to determine the characteristic features of miniature engine operation modes and to define the variability of operation parameters and exhaust gas emissions as a function of time. According to the authors, the preliminary tests allowed for defining specific profile of engine test, which enables proper measurement regarding exhaust gas emissions using the miniature jet engine. The paper also presents test results for Jet A-1 fuel, according to the used methodology.

5

The effect of adding 2-ethylhexanol to jet fuel on the performance and combustion characteristics of a miniature turbojet engine

51%

Gawron B. , Białecki T. , Król A.

Journal of KONES

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2018

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tom Vol. 25, No. 1

101--109

EN

There are currently many studies undergoing in the field of using alternative fuels for supplying different types of propulsion units. The ASTM standard in the aerospace industry, allows using five different technologies of manufacturing synthetic components apart from standard oil-based fuel for the propulsion of turbine engines (as a blend up to 50% with conventional fuel). One of these is a technology associated with the process of converting alcohols (isobutanol) to jet fuel – Alcohol to Jet (ATJ). In the research performance, emission parameters were measured on laboratory test rig with miniature turbojet engine (MiniJETRig). The test rig has been created in Air Force Institute of Technology for research and development works aimed at alternative fuels for aviation. The miniature engine was fuelled with conventional jet fuel – Jet A-1 and blend of Jet A-1 with 2-ethylhexanol. The results for this blend were compared with the results obtained for neat Jet A-1 fuel in terms of different engine operating modes, according to specified methodology. The conducted tests did not show significant differences in engine operating parameters (thrust, fuel consumption and thrust specific fuel consumption) and the values of CO, CO2 and NOx emission indices between the tested fuels. The engine tests took place in similar ambient conditions. Laboratory tests of selected physicochemical properties were also carried out for both fuel samples.

6

Performance and emission characteristic of miniature turbojet engine FED Jet A-1/alcohol blend

51%

Gawron B. , Białecki T. , Dzięgielewski W. , Kaźmierczak U.

Journal of KONES

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2016

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tom Vol. 23, No. 1

123--129

EN

This paper presents differences between fossil fuel (Jet A-1) and alcohol/Jet A-1 blend, during combustion process using laboratory test rig with miniature turbojet engine (MiniJETRig). The test rig has been created in Air Force Institute of Technology for research and development works aimed at alternative fuels for aviation. Fuel from different feedstock (non-fossil sources) is introduced into market due to ecological aspects, fuel price stability and energy security. Application of alcohol to propel aircraft has started form using a blend of aviation gasoline with ethanol in spark-ignited internal-combustion engines. Taking into account that large part of aviation fuels used by commercial aircraft is jet fuels, so in this area it has begun to look for possibilities to apply alcohol component. In 2016, international standard (ASTM) approved a synthetic blending component for aviation turbine fuels for use in civil aircraft and engines – alcohol-to-jet synthetic paraffinic kerosene (ATJ-SPK). According to standard, ATJ-SPK synthetic blending components shall be comprised hydro processed synthetic paraffinic kerosene wholly derived from isobutanol processed through dehydration, oligomerization, hydrogenation and fractionation. Two different fuel samples, a traditional fossil jet fuel (Jet A-1) and a blend of 10% butanol with Jet A-1 were tested. Laboratory tests of selected physicochemical properties and bench tests with the same profile of engine test were carry out for both fuel samples. The obtained results: engine parameters and exhaust gas emissions are compared and discussed.

7

The role of molecularly ordered structures in energy transport enhancement during combustion process : a new conception of a reaction mechanism of fuel components oxidation

45%

Białecki T. , Dzięgielewski W. , Gawron B. , Kaźmierczak U. , Kulczycki A.

Journal of KONES

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2018

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tom Vol. 25, No. 4

17--24

EN

This article presents the results of investigations focused on the role of molecularly ordered structures (molecular clusters) on combustion process. The proposed new mechanism of the reactions initiation takes into account the role of molecular clusters in energy (heat and energy of electrons emitted by the surface of the walls of combustion chamber) conductivity regulation. Literature survey shows that molecular clusters created by aromatic hydrocarbons are responsible for particulate matter. The combustion process itself is not uniform in whole combustion chamber. Such diversity, caused mainly by heterogeneous thermal state of combustion chamber is recognized as significant reason to create various products of combustion including carbon oxides, carbon dioxides and nitrogen oxides. Jet fuel and its blends with n-butanol and biobutanol in concentration from 10 to 75 % (V/V) were subjected to laboratory tests. Such blends were also tested on the test rig with a miniature turbojet engine – MiniJETRig. Engine operating parameters and carbon oxide emission were measured. The relations between electrical conductivity and parameters of engine test (e.g. temperature in selected points in combustion chamber) were assessed. Engine tests were carried out according to specific profile of engine test, which models different engine operating modes. The results of experimental investigations, shown in the article, initially confirm the proposed mechanism of the oxidation reactions initiation during combustion process.