Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Wpływ temperatury na przewodność elektryczną paliw do turbinowych silników lotniczych

100%

Dzięgielewski W.

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tom No. 1 (17)

97--108

PL

Właściwości paliwa mają duży wpływ na bezpieczeństwo ich eksploatacji praktycznie na wszystkich etapach jego życia. W niniejszym referacie opisany został jeden z najważniejszych parametrów odpowiedzialnych za ten obszar. Przedstawiono wstępne wyniki badań podstawowej zależności związanej z elektrycznością statyczną paliw lotniczych – wpływu temperatury na wartość przewodności elektrycznej paliwa do turbinowych silników lotniczych. Zaprezentowano i scharakteryzowano uzyskane rezultaty uzyskane dla produktów krajowych, eksploatowanych przez polskie siły powietrzne. Podjęto nowatorską próbę opisania zjawiska za pomocą funkcji matematycznej. Ponadto wskazano na praktyczne aspekty jej wykorzystania oraz dalsze kierunki prowadzenia prac badawczych.

EN

Fuel properties have a large impact on its utilization safety throughout practically all phases of fuel’s life. This paper describes one of the most important parameters responsible, and presents preliminary results of research of basic dependance connected with static electricity of aviation fuel - the impact of temperature on the electrical conductivity of fuel for turbine aircraft engines. Presented and characterized are the results obtained for domestic products, in use by the Polish Air Force. Innovative attempt was taken to describe the dependance using a mathematical function. In addition, the practical aspects of its use and future directions of research are pointed out.

2

The Limitation Of Use Of Biocomponents In The Form Of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Based On Analysis Of Elected Turbine Fuel Properties

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Dzięgielewski W.

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tom Vol. 4, no 2

41-47

EN

This paper describes part of results of research work consisting in testing the possibility to use biocomponents in fuels for turbine engines. Because of some similarity and availability as well as that this is the first stage of work, the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) (from rapeseed oils) were used as the basis biocomponent. Up till now, this ester was used as component of fuel for compression engines. There is no proved information on other use of FAME. The aim of research work is to show possibilities or rather restrictions and risk in case of new application. Some behaviour of biofuels or biocomponents are known. The common virtue is perfect lubricity, and the flaw is chemical and thermal stability. But, these are not only parameters we should notice analysing the applicability. This paper also tries to show other properties, that could restrict the use. It presents biofuels laboratory test results and points the expected problems in case of practical use of such mixtures. The results would be base to engine bench testing.

3

Discussion on the methodology of the lubricity determination of diesel fuels, containing non petroleum components

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Dzięgielewski W.

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tom Vol. 22, No. 2

41--47

EN

The paper describes the usability of current test methods employed in fuels for CI engines testing for fuels containing non-petroleum components. The paper describes test results that justify the necessity for test method modification and for establishing new criteria for assessment of such fuels usability. The analysis covered typical courses of friction coefficient and electrical contact potential as film thickness during test. During standard test the wear stages were isolated, and then referenced to actual operation of friction pair in fuel supply system of diesel engine. Test results show that methodology used up to date is not useful. The restriction to standard corrected wear scar diameter (WS 1.4) is not enough for proper interpretation of course and effects of model wear. Moreover, it is impossible to reference to actual operation conditions, which is inconsistent with tribological testing rules. Such rules mean that testing conditions reflect the actual ones as much as possible. Characteristics of test technique using HFRR, discussion on test method usability for testing the modified fuels, lubricity change vs. the increase of concentration of hydrocarbons typical for biohydrocarbons from Fischer-Tropsch process, comparison of changes of friction coefficient and lubrication film thickness for samples are presented in the paper.

4

Przebieg zmian wybranych właściwości paliw lotniczych w czasie przechowywania i na drodze dystrybucji

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Karp G. , Dzięgielewski W.

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tom No. 1 (17)

121--134

PL

W referacie przedstawiono przebieg zmian wybranych właściwości paliw lotniczych w czasie przechowywania i na drodze dystrybucji. Opisano rodzaje i źródła zanieczyszczeń w paliwach do turbinowych silników lotniczych. Rozpatrzono tylko przypadki najbardziej widoczne jak zawartość wody, zanieczyszczeń, mikroorganizmów oraz przewodność elektryczna. Zasygnalizowano, że zanieczyszczenia mogą powodować pośrednio zmiany innych parametrów.

XX

Paper presents types and sources of contaminants typically found in jet fuel. Author focused especially on contaminants implemented into jet fuel in the process of handling and storage. Describes the types and sources of pollutants in fuels for turbine aircraft engines. Examined only the cases of the most visible as the water content, impurities, microorganisms and electrical conductivity. Signaled that pollution can cause indirect changes in other parameters.

5

Wpływ surowca na właściwości estrów metylowych kwasów tłuszczowych (FAME)

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Karp G. , Dzięgielewski W.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Technicznego Wojsk Lotniczych

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2013

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tom nr 32

51--62

PL

W niniejszej pracy przedstawione zostały wyniki badań wpływu surowca użytego do produkcji estrów metylowych kwasów tłuszczowych (FAME) na ich skład chemiczny oraz właściwości fizykochemiczne. Założono, że na podstawie wyników badania składu estrów oraz wartości wybranych parametrów jakościowych gotowego biokomponentu możliwe będzie określenie jego pochodzenia – w aspekcie zastosowanego surowca. W pracy przedstawiono zestawienia wybranych właściwości, na podstawie których można podjąć próbę identyfikacji surowca. Wyniki te można traktować jako wstępne, gdyż zidentyfikowano pewne relacje, których analizę należałoby kontynuować w celu uzyskania większej precyzji i selektywności oceny.

6

Initial research of the effect of fame containing petroleum fuel blends storage on lubricity

63%

Gawron B. , Dzięgielewski W.

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2014

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tom Vol. 9, no 2

35--43

EN

This paper describes the effect of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) content in aviation fuels and diesel fuels on lubricity of such fuel blends. Standard petroleum fuels being currently in use contain various components, including the very important ones such as FAME and biohydrocarbons. The latter ones have been used also in aviation turbine fuels. Such use is, among others, associated with limiting of harmful combustion products emission. Lubricity, as one of important parameters related to fuel, directly effects on drive units use. Insufficient fuel lubricity effects probably on extended wear or injection system failure resulting in deterioration of combustion process, emission increase, and engine itself failure. Lubricity study included in this paper was carried out basing on standard test methods with HFRR and BOCLE. The paper describes the nature of lubricity change in relation to prepared fuel blends depending on FAME volume content, as well as the initial storage effect on test results.

7

Discussion over correctness of methods used for test of resistance fuels to ageing processes

63%

Dzięgielewski W. , Kulczycki A.

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tom Vol. 21, No. 4

103--109

EN

Research of usefulness of fuels for long-term storage is an important research of products of special use (meant for stock keeping as national or military reserves). Important fact is that fuels after storage should be used according to their initial use so their phisico-chemical and exploratory properties should remain the same during the whole storage cycle. Basic condition, enabling to foreseen that fuel will keep its quality at sufficient level in certain timeframe should be positive results of ageing tests. Below the doubts are presented whether methodology of evaluation is correct because of important differences in mechanisms of accelerated laboratory tests as well as real storage in typical conditions of storage tanks with large capacity. Differences in courses of chemical reactions and conditions of their initiation and course were pointed out. Scheme of equipment for marking content of existing gums, scheme of equipment for testing induction period, scheme of filtering and oxidizing equipment to test resistance of fuel to oxidation, effectiveness of collisions of molecules of reactants, scheme of chemical ageing process of fuels storaged in different temperature, function for different conditions ageing process of FAME, influence of value of potential molecules energy on initializing of chemical reactions are presented in the paper.

8

The analysis of the available technology of exploiting and applying biohydrocarbons for fuel production part I

51%

Gielo-Klepacz H. , Karp G. , Dzięgielewski W.

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tom Vol. 40, Issue 1

145--158; 159--171

EN

The article shows the current state of knowledge in the area of applying biohydrocarbons for fuel production, especially in aeronautical applications and to power compression-ignition engines. The technologies based on biochemical and thermal/chemical conversion of biomass are described. Technological potential of these technologies is evaluated. The article is based on the literature review.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono aktualny stan wiedzy w zakresie wykorzystania biowęglowodorów do celów paliwowych, szczególnie w zastosowaniach lotniczych i do zasilania silników z zapłonem samoczynnym. Opisano technologie oparte na biochemicznej i termicznej/chemicznej konwersji biomasy z uwzględnieniem możliwości technologicznych. Pracę oparto na przeglądzie literatury.

9

The new stand for aging of biocomponents and biofuels process testing at relatively short time

45%

Dzięgielewski W. , Kaźmierczak U. , Kulczycki A. , Okniński R. , Stefanowicz P.

Journal of KONES

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2016

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tom Vol. 23, No. 2

105--112

EN

In the paper, the concept of a model bench for accelerated ageing of bio-components and biofuels was presented. It is used to simulate the ageing process of biofuels and components of vegetable or animal origin, taking place during storage in the storage tanks. The construction of the bench’s essential elements and its equipment were designed and implemented in such a way as to mostly reflect actual storage conditions in large capacity tanks. An additional and unprecedented function of the bench includes the possibility to simulate the product transport conditions. Furthermore, a method of the test, with the use of simultaneously performed traditional tests on the physical and chemical properties monitored in the process of storage was presented. An analysis of the relation between values of the parameters obtained with different methods (on the model bench and under laboratory conditions) was conducted. In addition, their usefulness to assess the impact of logistic processes on the product quality was presented. In the paper, the results of the work executed within the framework of the project “Development of a prototype of the monitoring system the ageing rate and degree of bio-components and biofuels” within the Program Innovative Economy Operational Programme, Measure 1.4. “Support for goal-oriented projects” were used.

10

The role of molecularly ordered structures in energy transport enhancement during combustion process : a new conception of a reaction mechanism of fuel components oxidation

45%

Białecki T. , Dzięgielewski W. , Gawron B. , Kaźmierczak U. , Kulczycki A.

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tom Vol. 25, No. 4

17--24

EN

This article presents the results of investigations focused on the role of molecularly ordered structures (molecular clusters) on combustion process. The proposed new mechanism of the reactions initiation takes into account the role of molecular clusters in energy (heat and energy of electrons emitted by the surface of the walls of combustion chamber) conductivity regulation. Literature survey shows that molecular clusters created by aromatic hydrocarbons are responsible for particulate matter. The combustion process itself is not uniform in whole combustion chamber. Such diversity, caused mainly by heterogeneous thermal state of combustion chamber is recognized as significant reason to create various products of combustion including carbon oxides, carbon dioxides and nitrogen oxides. Jet fuel and its blends with n-butanol and biobutanol in concentration from 10 to 75 % (V/V) were subjected to laboratory tests. Such blends were also tested on the test rig with a miniature turbojet engine – MiniJETRig. Engine operating parameters and carbon oxide emission were measured. The relations between electrical conductivity and parameters of engine test (e.g. temperature in selected points in combustion chamber) were assessed. Engine tests were carried out according to specific profile of engine test, which models different engine operating modes. The results of experimental investigations, shown in the article, initially confirm the proposed mechanism of the oxidation reactions initiation during combustion process.

11

The method, based on storage simulator and IR – VIS spectroscopy, for predicting the allowable time of storage of biocomponents for CI engines

45%

Dzięgielewski W. , Kaźmierczak U. , Kulczycki A. , Okniński R. , Stefanowicz P.

Journal of KONES

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2016

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tom Vol. 23, No. 1

115--121

EN

The paper presents the results of investigations concerning a new method used for predicting the allowable time of storage of biocomponents – FAME. The method was based on laboratory research carried out with the use of a storage tank simulator. The aging process was carried out in the conditions increasing the reaction rate – at high temperature. There are several methods/procedures used for predicting the allowable time of storage of fuels and biocomponents – FAME, but all of them are based on tests at the temperature so high that the mechanism of aging process is different than the one observed in storage tanks. It was assumed that the aging process could be divided into two stages: at the first stage, the aging precursors are created and at the second stage, precursors are converted into the fuel aging products. These products lead to changes in fuel properties. The kinetics of precursor creation determines the rate of all reactions, which lead to the final aging products. It was found that the rate of reaction at the first stage of fuel aging can be effectively increased by an increase in temperature and even relatively high temperature does not change the mechanism of the creation of aging precursors. The method that has been worked out makes it possible to control the mechanism of aging process during quick laboratory tests. The products of aging processes were detected with the use of the IR-VIS spectrometry. The allowable time of storage was determined for several FAME samples on the basis of quick laboratory tests. The results of laboratory quick tests were verified by comparing them with the results of the aging process of FAME in storage tanks. On the basis of the test results, the algorithm of allowable time of FAME storage calculation was worked out.

12

Procesy starzenia chemicznego biokomponentów do paliw silnikowych w warunkach przechowywania w zbiornikach magazynowych

38%

Dzięgielewski W. , Karp G. , Kaźmierczak U. , Kulczycki A. , Okniński R. , Stefanowicz P.

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tom R. 22, nr 12

473--477, CD

PL

artykule omówiony został problem starzenia chemicznego biokomponentów do paliw silnikowych. Problem ten stał się ważny dla jakości benzyn i oleju napędowego w sytuacji powszechnego dodawania bioetanolu i FAME. Badaniami objęto bioetanol i FAME przechowywane w różnych warunkach w laboratorium. Zastosowano do oce-ny stopnia zestarzenia biokomponentów standardowe metody badań oraz analizę spektroskopową w zakresie IR i chromatografię gazową. Przedstawiono wyniki badań bioetanolu i FAME przechowywanych przez 1 rok oraz wyniki analiz próbek bioetanolu i FAME przechowywanych w warunkach laboratoryjnych w różnych warunkach. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że proces starzenia bioetanolu przebiega poprzez aldehyd octowy i acetal, a FAME trójetapowo poprzez epitlenki i nadtlenki. Stwierdzono także, że zanieczyszczenia biokomponentów, tj. woda i stałe produkty korozji zbiorników magazynowych przyspieszają procesy starzenia biokomponentów.

EN

The article explains the chemical processes responsible for aging of biocomponents during their storage. This problem is import ant for quality of gasolines and diesel fuel. The study involved bioethanol and FAME stored under different conditions in the laboratory. The standard methods and IR spectroscopy as well as gas chromatography were use for aging processes assessment. The obtained results showed that aging process of bioethanol runs through aldehyde and acetal. Aging of FAME runs through three stages which comprise epioxides and peroxides. It was found that water as well as solid contaminants increase the ratio of aging processes of bioethanol and FAME.

13

Badanie oddziaływania paliwa rzepakowego na elementy gumowe

38%

Parasiewicz W. , Felczak B. , Frąc T. , Kozera A. , Kolczyński J. , Dzięgielewski W.

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tom T. 7, nr 3

15-22

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki przeprowadzonych badań porównawczych oddziaływania na elementy gumowe biopaliwa rzepakowego i standardowego oleju napędowego. W badaniach uwzględniono również mieszaninę obydwu paliw w stosunku 50/50 oraz ciecz testową F, zalecaną w normie ISO-1817:1999 E jako symulującą olej napędowy. Do badań wytypowano 5 mieszanek gumowych, stosowanych do produkcji wyrobów dla motoryzacji, z różnych kauczuków i o różnej odporności na działanie paliw. Oznaczano zmiany objętości, masy, twardości, wytrzymałości przy rozciąganiu i wydłużenia przy zerwaniu gumy po ekspozycji w wytypowanych cieczach w temperaturze pokojowej i w 70° C. Stwierdzono, że zmiany te są większe w paliwie rzepakowym niż w konwencjonalnym oleju napędowym.

EN

The comparison of influence of bio-Diesel (FAME) and standard Diesel fuel on automotive rubber parts was performed. The tests covered as well 50/50 mix of those fuels and standard test fluid F according ISO-1817: 1999 E. Five rubber compounds based on various rubbers of different resistance against the fuels applied in production of rubber parts were investigated. The change of physical properties of vulcanisates such as hardness, tensile strength, elongation and volume swelling, after exposure in fuels in 23 and 70 oC was determined. It was found that FAME is significantly more harmful for rubber then standard Disel fuel.