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Bashkirian Rugosa (Anthozoa) from the Donets Basin (Ukraine). Part 8. The Family Kumpanophyllidae Fomichev, 1953

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Fedorowski J.

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2019

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tom Vol. 69, no. 3

431--463

EN

The Family Kumpanophyllidae Fomichev, 1953, synonymised by Hill (1981) with the Family Aulophyllidae Dybowski, 1873, is emended and accepted as valid. The new concept of this family, based on both new collections and discussion on literature data, confirms the solitary growth form of its type genus Kumpanophyllum Fomichev, 1953. However, several fasciculate colonial taxa, so far assigned to various families, may belong to this family as well. The emended genus Kumpanophyllum forms a widely distributed taxon, present in Eastern and Western Europe and in Asia. Its Serpukhovian and Bashkirian occurrences in China vs Bashkirian occurrences in the Donets Basin and in Spain, may suggest its far-Asiatic origin, but none of the existing taxa can be suggested as ancestral for that genus. Thus, the suborder position of the Kumpanophyllidae remains unknown. Four new species: K. columellatum, K. decessum, K. levis, and K. praecox, three Kumpanophyllum species left in open nomenclature and one offsetting specimen, questionably assigned to the genus, are described.

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In defence of invertebrate fossil taxonomy

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Fedorowski J.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2021

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tom Vol. 71, no. 3

249--258

EN

Starting from a subjective viewpoint on the decreasing interest in invertebrate fossil taxonomy, this essay discusses its importance in palaeobiological studies exemplified with cases from the palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology of rugose corals, and aims at provoking a discussion on the topic. The possible causes of this negative declining trend include inherent problems of palaeontological taxonomy, and changing systems in science and higher education.

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Bashkirian Rugosa (Anthozoa) from the Donets Basin (Ukraine). Part 11. The Family Pentaphyllidae Schindewolf, 1942 and considerations on the Suborder Tachylasmatina Fedorowski, 1973

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Fedorowski J.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2021

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tom Vol. 71, no. 4

415--431

EN

Inconsistency in the approach to the corals included by different authors in the families Tachylasmatidae Grabau, 1928 and Pentaphyllidae Schindewolf, 1942 are discussed in the context of their relationship vs homeomorphy to the Family Plerophyllidae Koker, 1924. Following Schindewolf (1942), the pentaphylloid or cryptophylloid early ontogeny, typical of the former two families, is contrasted with the zaphrentoid ontogeny typical of the latter family. Comprehensive analysis proves the independent taxonomic position of the Suborder Tachylasmatina Fedorowski, 1973. The taxa described herein support this idea. The relationship of the two families: Tachylasmatidae and Pentaphyllidae within the framework of this suborder are suggested. A new genus left in open nomenclature (represented by a single specimen) and three new species, Pentaphyllum sp. nov. 1, ? Pentaphyllum sp. nov. 2 and Gen. et sp. nov. 1 are described from lower Bashkirian deposits.

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Bashkirian Rugosa (Anthozoa) from the Donets Basin (Ukraine). Part 12. Concluding considerations

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Fedorowski J.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2022

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tom Vol. 72, no. 3

247--316

EN

A detailed analysis of the upper Viséan, Serpukhovian and Bashkirian Rugosa of the Donets Basin confirms their Mississippian/Pennsylvanian turnover during the Eumorphoceras / Homalophyllites-Hudsonoceras Zone, as postulated earlier (Fedorowski 1981a). The deterioration of rugose corals, globally diverse in time and space in the late Viséan and Serpukhovian, has resulted in the patchy distribution of survivors and newcomers, present in the Bashkirian. Difficulties in inter-basinal communication and the isolation of some sites have resulted in a different content of Bashkirian Rugosa in particular patches, with only rare genera in common. New data has made it possible to document the appearance of the first late Carboniferous genera in the Donets Basin as early as the lower Voznessenkian Horizon (= lower Chokierian Substage), i.e., close to the beginning of the Bashkirian Stage. The two stages of diversification, established in the Bashkirian rugose corals of the Donets Basin, cannot find their counterparts elsewhere. A palaeogeographic overview of the most important sites of diversified rugose corals documents the need to re-examine many taxa, which should be based on complete specimen studies. This and the precise placement of taxa in the modern stratigraphy must be done in order to make rugose corals globally comparable. Simple repetitions of names, commonly used in general summaries, is strongly misleading in both stratigraphic and palaeogeographic reconstructions.

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Some remarks on diagenesis of rugose coral skeletons

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Fedorowski J.

Geologos

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2003

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tom Vol. 6

89--110

EN

Rugose coral microstructure exhibits striking similarity to that in the Scleractinia. The main difference lies in the mineral composition: calcitic in the former and aragonitic in the latter. Calcitic skeletons of the Rugosa are commonly better preserved than those in the Scleractinia, and therefore some of them have been interpreted as unaltered, a position rejected in this paper. The dual nature of septa, which commonly consist of a primary trabecular septum and secondary fibrous sheets, results in differently expressed diagenetic alterations in comparison to other structural elements. It has been postulated that both early and advanced diagenesis may, in some circumstances, be distinguished in the Rugosa. In most instances the early diagenetic features were destroyed by the post-burial alterations. Replacement and recrystallization are the most important processes among the advanced chemical alterations. Both may either facilitate the recognition of original macro- and microstructures or obscure them. Surface replacement by silica promotes perfect preservation of shape and inner morphology, whereas pervasive replacement may destroy both. Selected replacement by hematite may help in exposing the trabecular microstructure of septa, whereas deep replacement may destroy the entire morphology. Physical alterations, such as crushing and flattening of skeletons are always destructive. They result from compaction, and their scale depends on skeletal morphology and on the relationship between the rate of infilling of intra-skeletal spaces and the accumulation of surrounding sediment. Pre-burial events, such as overgrowth and penetration by borrowing organisms, their holdfasts or roots may aid in the recognition of early diagenesis, but may also lead to substantial pre- or post-burial skeletal alteration, resulting sometimes in total destruction. This depends mostly on the pH of pore fluids.

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Early Carboniferous Chinese and Australian „Siphonodendron” (Anthozoa, Rugosa): ecological and geographical influenceon taxonomy

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Fedorowski J.

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2008

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tom Vol. 14, No. 1

3--17

EN

Normal marine salinity is the main limiting factor for the Subclass Rugosa. Water depth and temperature are less critical. Individual characteristics of specimens and some characteristics of species are, however, excel-lent environmental indicators. Being distributed exclusively by larvae, Rugosa required free distribution by means of marine currents, as well as midway areas suitable for settlement and metamorphosis of the larvae. Not distance but rather geography and midway environments are therefore the limiting factors for their distribution, relationships and stratigraphic value. Siphonodendron and Siphonodendron-like (“Siphonodendron”) corals are discussed as examples of morphoogical similarity, but not necessarily representing a phylogenetic relationship. The known homeomorphy of European and western North American Siphonodendron taxa (Fedorowski & Bamber 2007) may be extended on the European, some southern Chinese and all south-eastern Australian Siphonodendron-like corals, but only the Chinese and SE Australian forms may be truly related. The latter relationship would extend the boundaries of the Early Carboniferous Australian rugose coral province. The Late Tournaisian age of the earliest Australian “siphonodendrons” indicates an ancestry of the coral fauna within the province (SE Australia and S China).A mechanism for north-westward migration of this fauna, from SE Australia to S China, is not clear.

PL

Normalne zasolenie mórz stanowi główny czynnik ograniczający występowanie podgromady Rugosa. Głębokość i temperatura wody są mniej istotne. Tym niemniej, poszczególne cechy okazów i niektóre cechy gatunkowe są doskonałymi wskaźnikami środowiska. Rugosa rozprzestrzeniały się wyłącznie w stadium larwalnym. Kolonizacja nowych obszarów była zatem związana z istnieniem otwartej komunikacji morskiej, odpowiednio ukierunkowanych prądów, a w przypadku długich dystansów również z istnieniem pośrednich obszarów dogodnych dla osiadania i metamorfozy larw. Tak więc nie odległość jako taka, lecz układ lądów i mórz oraz warunki ekologiczne na obszarach pośrednich były czynnikami ograniczającymi dla rozprzestrzenienia, pokrewieństw i wartości stratygraficznej Rugosa. Właściwy rodzaj Siphonodendron i koralowce podobne do tego rodzaju („sifonodendrony”) zostały w tym artykule przedyskutowane jako przykład podobieństwa morfologicznego, ale niekoniecznie pokrewieństw filogenetycznych. Homeomorfia europejskich i północno-amerykańskich taksonów (Fedorowski & Bamber2007) może zostać przeniesiona również na europejskie oraz niektóre chińskie i wszystkie australijskie „sifo-nodendrony”. Tylko gatunki z ostatnich dwóch obszarów mogą być rzeczywiście spokrewnione. Pokrewieństwo to rozszerzyłoby granice wczesnokarbońskiej prowincji australijskiej (SE Australia i S Chiny). Późnoturnejski wiek najstarszych „sifonodendronów” australijskich wskazuje na ich pozycję wyjściową w obrębie prowincji. Mechanizm rozprzestrzeniania się tych faun ku północnemu zachodowi, z SE Australii do S Chin, pozostaje niejasny.

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Bashkirian Rugosa (Anthozoa) from the Donets Basin (Ukraine). Part 10. The Family Krynkaphyllidae fam. nov.

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Fedorowski J.

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tom Vol. 71, no. 1

53--101

EN

The known occurrence of corals distinguished here in the new Family Krynkaphyllidae varies at the subfamily level. Those of the Subfamily Krynkaphyllinae subfam. nov. are so far almost unknown from outside of the Donets Basin. In contrast, those of the Subfamily Colligophyllinae subfam. nov. are common, possibly ranging from the lower Viséan Dorlodotia Salée, 1920, a potential ancestor of the family, to the Artinskian Lytvophyllum tschernovi Soshkina, 1925. They bear different generic names, but were all originally described as fasciculate colonial. A detailed study of Lytvophyllum dobroljubovae Vassilyuk, 1960, the type species of Colligophyllum gen. nov., challenges that recognition in that at least some of those taxa are solitary and gregarious and/or protocolonial. As such, solitary, protocolonial and, probably, fasciculate colonial habits are accepted in the Colligophyllinae subfam. nov., whereas the Krynkaphyllinae subfam. nov. contains only solitary taxa. The resemblance to the Suborder Lonsdaleiina Spasskiy, 1974 led to the analysis of families included in that suborder by Hill (1981) in the context of their relationship, or homeomorphy, to Krynkaphyllidae fam. nov. This question primarily concerns the Family Petalaxidae Fomichev, 1953; a relationship with the Family Geyerophyllidae Minato, 1955, is more distant, if one exists. The distinct, parallel stratigraphic successions of taxa within two subfamilies of the Krynkaphyllidae fam. nov. document their probably common roots and early divergence. However, a lack of robust data precludes an interpretation or treatment of those successions as phylogenetic. The absence of key stratigraphic and morphologic data meant that eastern Asiatic taxa have not been considered in these successions; however, morphological similarities allow for their tentative inclusion within the Krynkaphyllidae fam. nov. The following new taxa are introduced: Krynkaphyllidae fam. nov., Krynkaphyllinae subfam. nov., Colligophyllinae subfam. nov., Krynkaphyllum gen. nov., Colligophyllum gen. nov., Protokionophyllum feninoense sp. nov., Krynkaphyllum multiplexum sp. nov., Krynkaphyllum validum sp. nov., and three species of Protokionophyllum Vassilyuk in Aizenverg et al., 1983 left in open nomenclature.