The aim of the article is to present the linguistic creation of Stanisław Wokulski (the main character of Lalka (The Doll) – a novel written by Bolesław Prus) both as a shop assistant and a wealthy merchant. These two roles assigned by the author emerge mainly from Ignacy Rzecki’s diary, statements given by other characters and the narrator’s comments. As far as the linguistic layer is concerned, the creation of Wokulski as a shop assistant and a merchant who gains his fortune is achieved due to verbal and nominative forms, stylistic devices (similes, epithets) and set phrases. The diversity of techniques and linguistic devices used by Bolesław Prus in Wokulski’s creation influenced the realism of the character’s presentation.
The article presents the linguistic creation of Stanisław Wokulski’s feeling (the main character of “The Doll”) towords Izabela Łęcka. Bolesław Prus realizes this task mainly through Wokulski’s utterances and the descriptions of his thoughts as well as the narrator’s and other characters’ comments. There are two ways of presenting the creation of Stanisław’s feelings – one of them idealises love and woman, the other, realistic, depicts Wokulski’s commensensical deliberations on love. The idealization of love is expressed due to the stylistic devices typical of neoclassical, sentimental and romantic poetry such as metaphors, comparisons, hyperboles and metonymies. There appears a significant number of abstract nouns and verbal forms as well as numerous constructions with the lexeme happiness. The commonsensical deliberations are based on negatively marked metaphors, verbal forms, abstract nouns and terms. In a masterly fashion Bolesław Prus utilizes the richness of linguistic devices was to create a realistic view of the complexity at the main character’s feelings towords the woman of a different social class.
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In his novel Lalka (The Doll) Bolesław Prus created a realistic vision of the world of old Szlangbaum to whom he ascribed the role of a representative of the Jewish minority. He skillfully used a whole range of basic linguistic-stylistic means so as to present various elements of the world of the character in question. These means are the following: appearance, age, personality, opinions, family relations, language, work, way of spending leisure time etc. All the linguistic indicators and mechanisms as used by the writer contributed to making this, drawn as stereotypically Jewish (i.e. as a conservative, religious, thrifty, using Polish with interferences from Yiddish) a realistic, plausible and individualized (e.g. by showing his love for riddles) character.
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Bolesław Prus created the character of dr. Szuman as representing intelligentsia, a doctor and a scientist. This article recreates these roles linguistically via an analysis of the selected fragments of the novel such as the protagonist’s statements and the narrator’s comments as well as other characters’ utterances and “inside stories” taken from Ignacy Rzecki’s memoir. For the presentation of his characters the author used, first and foremost, concrete nouns, and only rarely abstract nouns as well as verbs as the entire novel is written in the journalistic style. Epithets are used only occasionally, mainly with regard to the creation of the protagonist’s appearance. The doctor’s eccentric demenanour is emphasized by the verbs and adverbial participles used to depict nonverbal expressions which Bolesław Prus utilizes in his book. The narrator’s and Rzecki’s statements provide us with the source material concerning the verbs and word combinations related to the doctor’s activities. The creation of the characters of the doctor and the scientist also comprises their: lexicon-related idiolect characteristics such as professionalisms, or scientific abstract lexicon; syntactical/inflection-related phenomena such the dominance of hypotaxis over parataxis, rhetorical questions, or simple compound sentences and; semantic/stylistic phenomena such as comparisons, metaphors, and irony. The linguistic-stylistic devices used by Bolesław Prus served to make the creation of dr. Szuman as a representative of intelligentsia, a doctor and a scientist more real and probable.
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In creating the fictional world of the protagonist of The Doll, Bolesław Prus used a range of basic terminology concerning colours and chiaroscuro. The text provides those terms in the form of mainly adjectives, nouns and verbs, rarely participles, which directly or indirectly describe the colour or its shade. Stylistically speaking, the author of the novel used epithets and a few conventional colour similies. Lexical and stylistic indicators which name colours in the creation of Izabela’s character are chosen mostly on the basis of probability and their primary function is to make the portrait of the character more real and credible (the descriptive and expressive function of colours).
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