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PROBLEMS IN INTERPRETING SOURCES TO THE HISTORY OF BUILDING IN GREAT POLAND IN VIEW OF THE RECENT RESEARCH ON WOODEN CHURCHES FROM THE 17TH-18TH C. (Polish title below)

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Jankowski A.

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nr 2

123-139

EN

(Original title: (Problemy interpretacji zrodel do dziejów budownictwa w Wielkopolsce w swietle najnowszych badan kosciolów drewnianych z XVII-XVIII w.) One of the main weaknesses of research on Polish wooden architecture conducted in the last 150 years is an insufficiently detailed typology of timber constructions. The presently-used classification of sacred buildings is not linked with in situ architecture analyses or with the actually recognized range of historical buildings. Old churches have been classified according to the popular typology of wooden structures, established about 100 years ago, including log, post-and-log and skeleton constructions, while in fact in Great Poland only there are at least 40 churches from the 17th-18th c. which do not fit the typological scheme dominant in the Polish literature of the subject. The churches in question have a characteristic double structure of the outer walls; in most cases the carcass is surrounded with a closely adjoining skeleton. In several cases the outer skeleton was added later that the whole structure was built; in the 17th-18th c. this was a very common method of strengthening a carcass that was losing stability or structural strength. In over 30 buildings the double structure was initially planned; in some the idea is very close to or identical with the Umgebinge construction. The fact that the Umgebinde (outer skeleton) system was firmly established in church building practice in Great Poland is an important motivation for reviewing the conventional views on the origin and topography of Umgebinde architecture. The popularity of the double structure of walls (a carcass linked with a skeleton) in old wooden buildings is confirmed by written sources. Inventories and protocols of estate inspections and parish visitations, written both in Latin and in Polish, mention such structures very frequently. Their advantages and theoretical foundations were described in the oldest Polish treaty on architecture, published in the mid 17th c. Unfortunately, the typology of old wooden structures established in the literature, together with the insufficient knowledge of old carpentry terminology and of the building practices registered by old handbooks of architecture, did not facilitate a correct interpretation of such mentions. Ethnographers at most concluded (wrongly) that the structures in question were unspecified atypical solutions, resulting from 'primitive' simplifications and reductions. Archivists and historians of architecture usually simply disregarded repeated mentions such as: Ecclesia ab extra more pruthenico lateribus circumducta intra lignea constructa (1672 - a description of the church in Oporowo near Leszno) or Ecclesia lignea de fortis more pruthenico cincta (in the years 1718, 1724, 1787 - descriptions of the church in Prochy near Wielichowo). To conclude, written sources confronted with newest studies of wooden sacred buildings produce a picture of wooden architecture and Polish carpentry which is much richer and more complex that it was assumed until recently. This points to an urgent need to verify the methodology of research on old wooden buildings in Poland.

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Nieznane malowidła ścienne w drewnianym kościele parafialnym p.w. św. Mikołaja w Gąsawie

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Jankowski A.

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nr 1

81-88

EN

Fragments of the murals were discovered in 1999 during the exchange of one of the elements of the northern nave wall at the time of repairing the church. The painted decoration of the entire wall was uncovered in July that year. Probes confirmed the presence of murals in the whole interior. A superficial analysis demonstrated that the paintings originate at least from three phases. At this moment, only one of those phases has been dated as 1706, a supposition confirmed by a commemorative inscription. This decoration, by no means the most recent, conceals the other strata. The characteristic and stratification proposed in the article do not assume unambiguous solutions. A formal-stylistic assessment is rendered impossible by the unsatisfactory state of the preservation of the monument. In addition, there are no available results of technological research. We can generally ascertain that the decorations were executed by using variously prepared tempera—thick and thin. The thin layer of the ground was placed only underneath the oldest paintings fromthe turn of the first and second quarter of the seventeenth century. The sole extant remnants are the octagonal „quarters” surrounded with an ochre frame, granted a distinct contour. The origin of the successive phase of the decoration is placed in the 1670s. The best preserved are the paintings from1706. Their forms, shaped by means of colour and chiaroscuro, characteristic ornaments and a programme-like illusionism aimed at transforming the optical merits of the interior are concurrent with the stylistic of mature Baroque painting. The latest decoration was probably painted immediately after 1816, when a brick chapel was added to the northern nave wall.

3

Nowe perspektywy badań zabytkowej architektury drewnianej

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Jankowski A.

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nr 2

315-338

EN

The issue of double wall construction of wooden historic architecture, recently introduced into the academic circulation, critically verifies the construction typology of old wooden building. The double wall construction formula defines a peculiar structure of perimeter walls, bringing side by side the framework and log constructions. Such is the construction system used in the walls of some dozens of Greater Poland wooden churches from the 17th-18th centuries, which have so far been falsely classified as either log or frame structures. The double wall construction was created either straight away (which was the usual way), or as the result of a framework structure being added to the skeleton of an older building. The first displays varied mutual relations of the framework and log systems: from the autonomous arrangement put side by side to the ones integrated in one frame. Both wall construction systems (with the framework always from the inside) usually adhere or are separated by several centimeters. Roof truss beams rest either simultaneously on caps of the frame and the skeleton, or just on the cap of frame. In the latter case, the construction system better fits the definition criteria of the post-supported construction and is classified by the Author as the post-supported system; meanwhile, the system in which the roof load-bearing function is exerted by the logs and the framework is qualified as quasi- post-supported. The structure that combines the log and framework construction within one frame is referred to as frame-and-log. Here the posts strengthened from the exterior with spandrel beams and struts, are at the same time uprights with grooves hollowed from the side of the interior into which planks are inserted, tightly ‘filling’ the spans and forming the wall face. Double wall constructions with a framework added subsequently is most often the trait of the quasi-post-supported system, yet solutions of the post-supported type have also appeared. The double wall construction in wooden sacral architecture in Greater Poland has proved to be not so much a regional, as a universal question, rooted in the century-long guild tradition of European craftsmanship. It is related to the yet unsolved issues of the genesis, function, and development of the post-supported construction. The fact that structural solutions that can be classified as the post-supported construction existed in sacral architecture in the 17th18th centuries defies such hypotheses of the postsupported construction coming to existence as, e.g. the theory of ‘shocks’ (weaving workshops) or the theory of a ‘wrinkling arcade. The post-supported and quasi-post-supported constructions of Catholic and Protestant churches in Greater Poland, (together with some non-extant 17th-18th-century quasi-postsupported synagogues) challenges the belief, wellrooted in literature, that post-supported construction was used only in secular buildings. It also opposes the assumption of the post-supported constructions developing linearly. However, the occurrence of frame-and-log systems in Greater Poland churches in the 17th-18th centuries urge us to verify the so-far ascertained territorial range and evolution of the construction defined in German literature on the subject as Bundwerk.