The article discusses the effects of the recent ruling of the Court of Justice of the European Union (the CJEU), regarding the impact of abusive contractual provisions included in the foreign currency loan contracts on the legal effectiveness of the entire contract. The position of the CJEU may trigger the necessity to modify and unify the previous sentencing guidelines. Moreover, it may become necessary to revoke some final judgements in cases of individual borrowers that have been issued so far. The author analyses the direction the case law will take after the CJEU’s ruling and its impact on cases which have already been closed.
In the years 1944–1946, as a result of the agreement reached on 9 September 1944 between the Polish National Liberation Committee and the Government of the Ukrainian Social Soviet Republic, the mass repatriations of Ukrainians from Poland to Soviet Ukraine were carried out. This process also encompassed the Lemkos, who had been classed as Ukrainians by the authorities on the basis of the reports from Lemkivshchina (Lemko’s homeland). In March 1945, the repatriation campaign embraced also the Nowy Sącz Poviat, where the poviat office and the Poviat National Council wanted to solve the issue of the Lemkos once and for all, as they considered it politically sensitive and believed it could be a source of ethnic conflicts in the future. On 16 March 1945, the PNC determined that 24,755 people should be repatriated. In Nowy Sącz, offices of the Regional Representative Office of the Republic of Poland and the Representative of the USSR government for Evacuation were opened. Until mid-July, 13,100 persons (59 %) had been repatriated. The initial reaction to the opportunity to travel to Soviet Ukraine was enthusiastic, how- ever, as information about the conditions was received, the Lemkos withdrew the submitted declarations of intent to repatriate. As a result, the poviat authorities ignored the principle of voluntariness, and the Lemkos made desperate attempts to avoid repatriation: 800 persons converted from Greek to Roman Catholicism and justified it by referring to their awareness of Polish ethnicity. The poviat decided to conduct the campaign with the support of armed forces. The speeches of, among others, Władysław Gomułka on leaving the ethnic group in the terri- tory of the Republic of Poland, were to no avail. Due to the determined approach of poviat authorities and the opinion of the Skills Academy on the affiliation of the Lemkos to the Ukrainian nation, the forced repatriation was continued. On 17 May 1946 at 4:00 a.m., the armed forces entered Lemko villages. The commune administrators, PPR members and commune councils stood up for the forcefully repatriated Lemkos, which brought the operation to a deadlock. The armed forces managed to repatriate only 60 out of the planned 2,200 persons. The repatriation campaign was brought to an end on 25 May 1946 to prevent any negative effects on the economic situation and security in the poviat. In total, 17,740 persons (89 %) were repatriated.
Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie różnic w sposobie pełnienia roli zawodowej kobiet i mężczyzn na stanowiskach menedżerskich. Analizie poddane zostały elementy wpływające na sposób wykonywania pełnionej funkcji (efektywność) i otrzymywane z tego tytułu wynagrodzenie. Omówione zostały cechy i kompetencje uznawane za niezbędne do należytego wykonywania obowiązków oraz ocena kwali) kacji posiadanych przez menedżerów obojga płci. Ujęte zostały także wartości wyznawane przez menedżerki jak i menedżerów.
EN
The aim of this article is to explain the differences in the way of acting as a professional manager from the point of view of women and men on the position of manager. In the article are analysed elements that affect the way of performing his or her function (efficiency) and received compensation for work. Skills and competences considered as necessary for the proper performance of duties as well as qualifcations assessment of both sex, are also discussed. Moreover in the article are included held values by women and men managers.
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.