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Impact of rape-myths on judiciary proceedings: A lack of acknowledgement in the European Court of Human Rights case-law

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Prażmowska-Marcinowska K.

Forum Polityki Kryminalnej

2022

nr 1(3)

1-24

Mity wspierające kulturę gwałtu można zdefiniować jako krzywdzące, stereotypowe lub fałszywe przekonania na temat gwałtu, ofiar gwałtu i gwałcicieli, obejmujące takie twierdzenia, jak: kobiety mają na myśli „tak”, gdy mówią „nie”; kobiety prowokują gwałt; jeśli kobieta nie chce być zgwałcona, będzie walczyć za wszelką cenę. Te wszechobecne postawy społeczne mogą mieć szkodliwy wpływ na ofiary przemocy seksualnej, zwłaszcza gdy są one stosowane w trakcie postępowań. W związku z tym celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza wpływu mitów na postrzeganie ofiar przemocy seksualnej w trakcie oficjalnych postępowań na przykładzie orzecznictwa Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka (ETPCz). Pierwsza część wyjaśnia pojęcie mitów o gwałcie, podczas gdy druga część zawiera analizę orzecznictwa ETPCz. Wreszcie ostatnia część sugeruje nowe podejście do spraw dotyczących przemocy seksualnej.

Rape myths can be defined as prejudicial, stereotyped or false beliefs about rape, rape victims, and rapists, and they include common opinions whereby women mean “yes” when they say “no”; women provoke rape; if a woman does not want to be raped, she will just fight back at any cost. These pervasive social attitudes can have a detrimental effect on victims of sexual violence, especially when employed by authorities during official proceedings. As such, this article aims at analyzing to what extent rape myths affect the perception of victims of sexual violence during the official proceedings on the example of the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). Thus the first part explains the notion of rape myths, while the second part provides an analysis of the jurisprudence of the ECHR. Lastly, the final part suggests new approach to cases concerning sexual violence.

Climate change mitigation and adaptation: with or against indigenous peoples?

100%

Prażmowska-Marcinowska K.

Studia Iuridica

2023

tom 96

286-300

Climate change and its negative consequences represent a common problem for all the people on Earth and are likely to become one of the most serious challenges that humankind faces. As such, mitigation measures and adaptation actions are of particular importance. Although often thought as the two sides of the same coin, the climate change mitigation and adaptation differ from each other, especially in the context of indigenous peoples. Therefore, the first part of the paper centres on the relation between climate change mitigation and adaptation and their consequences for indigenous communities. The newest international treaty on climate change, the Paris Agreement, establishes the global goal on adaptation, which should take into consideration vulnerable groups, communities and ecosystems, and more importantly, should be based on and guided by the best available science and knowledge of indigenous peoples, often referred to as ‘traditional knowledge’. As such, the second part of the paper focuses on the adaptation methods guided by the traditional knowledge. Although examples include indigenous peoples’ traditional knowledge from all over the globe, much attention is given to the Arctic Indigenous Peoples as, due to current speed of climate change, the Arctic is recognized as a global climate change hotspot. Although indigenous peoples have been living in their territories since the time immemorial, adapting their ways of life to the difficult weather and environmental conditions, with the current climate change happening so rapidly, their possibilities of adaptation are weakening and climate change renders them more vulnerable, altering their economic and cultural activities and threatening their very existence. However, the current rate of climate change is not the only factor impairing the indigenous peoples’ adaptive capacities. Therefore, the final part of the paper is aimed at presenting what the obstacles to the successful adaptation to climate change are and whether migration should be considered an adaptive action.