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PL
The principle of probability was in the period of Enlightenment almost entirely accepted, mainly (although not only) within the framework of the aesthetics of classicism. The above is confirmed by a number of aesthetic and literary statements of that age. Probability which evoked all that was general, that could have happened, was considered more important than the truth, which referred to individual facts. It was connected with the possibility of a certain derogation from the truth accepted by the recipients, so that the work could satisfy the didactic function (e.g. by showing the triumph of virtue), or in order to present things not the way they really are, but the way they might be. Fidelity to the probability principle was also supposed to serve the creation of an illusion in the recipients’ awareness. In various genres, this possibility of the truth modification would look different (for example, talking animals were acceptable only in a fairy tale). However, new aesthetic concepts entail the departure from the probability principle, frequently in the direction of the truth understood in a new manner.
PL
The subject of criticism in Ignacy Krasicki’s satires is, apart from an array of phenomena of his contemporary society, such use of language which results in falsification of the described reality. As a result, instead of naming negative phenomena and attitudes directly, by their proper names, the language is used to justify them, e.g. through various euphemisms or positively valuating epithets (Złość ukryta i jawna), or even to invert the value of misdeeds, shown as something good (Palinodia). Krasicki often shows environments (such as a court in the satire Życie dworskie) where appearances are predominant, where “politeness” means more than truth and good. The language loses its normal communicative ability, serving hollow conversation, game or manipulation. This problem is of universal character, appears to a varied degree and in various forms almost always and everywhere, and this, to a large degree, makes Krasicki’s satires still relevant.
EN
The article is devoted to the analysis of the poem by Adam Naruszewicz Duma do słowika that is the translation of the ode by Jean‑Baptise Rousseau, A Philomele. The poem’s narrative order is marked out by the comparison of the two texts; and all that is done to show the way Polish poet rendered the original text. In the article particular attention is paid to the differences between fragments of the French work and Polish Duma do słowika. But above all, the analysis brings out the fact that Naruszewicz’s style was quite distinct, and the relation of lyrical I to the recipient of the utterance is slightly different from that in the Rousseau’s poem, which is particularly noticeable in the ending passage of the Polish work. Important features of the Naruszewicz‑as‑a‑translator’s technique are also discussed.
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