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Assessing indigenous knowledge through farmers perception and adaptation to climate change in Pakistan

100%

Ali M. R. , Ashfaq M. , Hassan S. , Ullah R.

Polish Journal of Environmental Studies

2020

tom 29

nr 1

Greenhouse gas reduction in off-season cucumber production by improving energy efficiency: a case study from Punjab, Pakistan

100%

Ali Q. , Khan M. T. I. , Ashfaq M.

Polish Journal of Environmental Studies

2017

tom 26

nr 4

Approximately 10 to 12% of GHG emissions come from the agricultural sector. Consumption of energy in agriculture is a source of GHG and it can be decreased by efficient utilization of energy inputs. Therefore, our present research calculated energy efficiencies (for technical, pure technical, and scale) and extent of GHG reduction after benchmarking an inefficient farm in off-season cucumber production in Punjab, Pakistan. Primary data were collected from 70 farmers with simple random sampling. Average technical efficiency (TE), pure technical efficiency (PTE), and scale efficiency (SE) were 0.77, 0.91, and 0.85, respectively, while increasing (IRS) and constant (CRS) return to scale were observed in 46 and 24 farms, respectively. The decrease in total input energy was 33,908.00 MJ ha⁻¹ (14.14%) if inefficient farmers use the energy inputs according to recommendations. A large share of energy savings comes from fertilizers (63.66%), followed by diesel (25.88%), plastic (5.78%), chemicals (2.69%), water (1.06%), labour (0.50%), and machinery (0.44%). Total GHG reduction was 1,004.68 kg CO₂ eq.ha⁻¹ (17.75%) after improvement in energy efficiency. Agricultural extension staff should visit the vegetable farms on a regular basis and give necessary information about efficient utilization of energy inputs. In addition, the government should promote renewable sources of energy due to their environmentally friendly behavior.

Simple and sensitive LC-UV method for simultaneous analysis of hydrochlorothiazide and candesartan cilexetil in pharmaceutical formulations

88%

Qutab S. S. , Razzaq S. N. , Ashfaq M. , Shuja Z. A. , Khan I. U.

Acta Chromatographica

2007

tom No. 19

119-129

A simple, sensitive, and inexpensive high-performance liquid-chromatographic method has been developed for simultaneous determination of hydrochlorothiazide and candesartan cilexetil in pharmaceutical formulations. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Phenyl-2 column with a 25:75:0.2 mixture of 0.02 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate, methanol, and triethylamine, final pH 6.0 š 0.1, as mobile phase. Detection was at 271 nm. Response was a linear function of concentration in the range 5–45 µg mL-1 for hydrochlorothiazide and 12–56 µg mL-1 for candesartan cilexetil; the correlation coefficients were 0.9993 and 0.9991, respectively. Total elution time for the two components was less than 5 min.

Validated stability-indicating HPLC method for analysis of gemifloxacin in tablet formulations

88%

Sharif S. , Khan I. U. , Sheikh T. A. , Sharif Y. , Ashfaq M.

Acta Chromatographica

2011

tom Vol. 23, no. 1

95--107

A stability-indicating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for analysis of gemifloxacin in tablet formulations. When the drug was subjected to forced degradation under acidic, basic, thermal, oxidative, and photolytic conditions, the degradation products produced were successfully separated on a 250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5-μm particle, C18 column with ammonium acetate buffer (pH 2.7; 0.05 M)-acetonitrile 70:30 (υ/υ) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.7 mL min-1. Diode-array detection was performed at 272 nm. The method was validated in accordance with ICH guidelines. Response was a linear function of concentration over the range 0.256–128 μg mL-1 (correlation coefficient 0.9990). The limits of detection and quantification were 10 and 30 ng mL-1, respectively. Separation of gemifloxacin from its stress-induced degradation products and excipients was adequate; resolution was >1.5 within 11 min. The purity index for the gemifloxacin peak after all types of stress was >0.999, indicating complete separation of the analyte peak from the degradation products. The method can therefore be regarded as stability-indicating. It is rapid, and suitable for purity and assay determination not only for routine quality control but also in stability studies.