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Asymmetric response to oil price and dynamic covariation between exchange rate and stock price: evidence from China

100%

Ahmed N. , Dingchou M. , Onodje P.

tom 156

In situ impact of the antagonistic fungal strain, Trichoderma gamsii T30 on the plant pathogenic fungus, Rhizoctonia solani in soil

75%

Anees M. , Abid M. , Chohan S. , Jamil M. , Ahmed N. , Zhang L. , Rha E. S.

nr 2

Rhizoctonia solani is a soil-borne fungus causing a wide range of plants diseases. Trichoderma gamsii strain T30 has previously been reported as antagonistic against R. solani. Although there are a few studies about the influence of Trichoderma strains on the R. solani densityin a pathosystem in the presence of plant hosts, this report for the first time comprehensively describes in situ effects of a T. gamsii strain on the population density of R. solani in the soil microcosmic conditions. The population dynamics of R. solani were followed in the auto-claved and non-autoclaved soils in artificially prepared microcosms up to day 25 after co-inoculation with T. gamsii in the variable ratios (R1/T1; R1/T0.1; R1/T0.01 of R. solani/T. gamsii). The population density of R. solani was evaluated by qPCR. In the autoclaved soil, target DNA copies of R. solani increased in the control samples from 1 × 10⁵ to 6.5 × 10⁶. At R1/T0.01, the number of target DNA copies were not significantly changed until day 11; however, it decreased by around five times at day 25. At R1/T0.1 and R1/T1, the number of DNA copies was reduced to 2.1 × 10⁶ and 7.6 × 10⁵ at day 11, respectively and the reduction was as much as 17 times at day 25. In the non-autoclaved soil, the number of the fungal cells decreased at day 25 whether inoculated or not with Trichoderma indicating a general suppression by the soil microbiome. In brief, T. gamsii significantly inhibited the growth of R. solani in the soil in situ and there was a general suppressive effect of the natural microbiome.

Fabrication of magnesium aluminum silicate glass ceramics by sintering route

63%

Durrani S. K. , Hussain M. A. , Hussain S. Z. , Hussain S. Z. , Akhtar J. , Saeed A. , Hussain N. , Ahmed N.

tom Vol. 28, No. 2

459--466

Magnesium aluminum silicate (MAS) glass ceramic material was prepared by the sintering route. A three-stage heat treatment, consisting of calcination, nucleation and crystallization, was developed with MgF2 as a nucleating agent. The effect of the percentage chemical composition and the sintering temperature on the density of the compacted material was also studied. The thermal stability of MAS was measured by thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA). TG/DTA studies revealed that the powder exists as MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O in solid state, and then transforms to MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 via some metastable intermediates above 300 °C. The microstructure and phases were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD). XRD analysis revealed the formation of various phases such as magnesium silicate, fluorophlogopite, nobergite, siliminite etc. at various processing temperatures.