The National Bank of Poland is carrying the monetary policy out according to entitlements conferred by the Polish constitution and other acts. The Monetary Policy Council is a basic organ of The National Bank of Poland which determines the strategy, purposes of the monetary policy to the given year and instruments of their realization. The basic tools of National Bank of Poland include open market operations, deposit- credit operations and a reserve requirement. The profitability of instruments of the monetary policy depends on NBP interest rates. The present article is introducing the monetary policy of the National Bank of Po-land in 2012-2013 years, that is the period, in which the Monetary Policy Council re-duced bank bases rate by the National Bank of Poland to the lowest level in history.
The rational management of credit risk constitutes the base for construction of the safe and credit portfolio of the bank. Principles of the credit risk management were established in legal documents for the Polish Financial Supervision Authority, of which the implementation to internal procedures is for the bank compulsory. A credit policy is a base of the credit risk management, in frames which priority directions of the credit share, adapted for appetite for the risk accepted by the supervisory board of the bank, are being established for. A system of internal limits, constituting the basic tool of the diversification of credit in many diameters is also an indispensable element of the structure of the secure credit portfolio. All these issues were discussed in the present article.
The economic transition in Poland is an issue widely discussed by scientists, and therefore its effects have been evaluated in many publications. The analysis of the literature allows to distinguish authors of those texts as followers and opponents of Balcerowicz Plan. This article presents the opinions of two strong critics of the transformation process - Grzegorz Kołodko and Tadeusz Kowalik. G. Kołodko focuses on the assumptions and mechanisms of the stabilization plan. T. Kowalik tries to recognize the problem holistically. He pays attention to the complete reversal of the government of the Round Table Agreements and direct it toward the Washington Consensus.
Nauczanie Jana Pawła II jest aktualną wykładnią katolickiej nauki społecznej w kwestii własności. Kategoria własności w encyklikach społecznych Ojca Świętego jest powiązana przede wszystkim z pracą człowieka. Papież poruszał również problem nierówności społecznych i dochodowych na świecie, jako konsekwencji niesprawiedliwego podziału dóbr. Jan Paweł II prezentował także stanowisko społecznej nauki Kościoła w kwestii socjalizmu i liberalizmu.
EN
John Paul’s II teaching about the issue of property is current interpretation of the Catholic social teaching. In social encyclicals written by Holy Father John Paul II the issue of property is connected, above all, with the labour. The Pope raises also the issue of economic inequality in the world as consequences of inequitable redistribution of goods. John Paul II presents the attitude of the Catholic social teaching in the issue of socialism and liberalism as well.
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