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Ostatni Luksemburgowie (zwłaszcza Zygmunt) w świadomości i praktyce politycznej Korony Czeskiej w dobie podiebradzko-korwinowsko-jagiellońskiej, czyli próba rewizji niektórych mitów (nie tylko) czeskiej historiografii

100%

Czechowicz B.

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2015

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tom 7

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nr 1

148-159

EN

The article challenges the stereotypes of historiography and it deals with several examples of reference of various political figures of the Kingdom of Bohemia to the period of the rule of the House of Luxembourg, namely Sigismund. The “dark legend” of this ruler stands in sharp contrast to the actual historic resources from the second half of the 15th century. Even a cursory analysis shows that the political and confessional modus vivendi established during Sigismund’s rule became a valued norm, defended by the Czech utraquists during the rule of king Vladislaus. Even King Vladislaus Jagiello presented himself to the public (the Powder Tower in Prague) as the heir to the Luxembourg legacy. It was only later, when historians drew from the Hussite era resources, that the image of “evil Sigmund” came to life. During 15th and 16th century, Sigmund was remembered as a good king.

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Odpowiedź na recenzję mojej książki Mecenat artystyczny na Śląsku u schyłku średniowiecza napisaną przez Rafała Eysymontta, Romualda Kaczmarka i Jacka Witkowskiego.

100%

Czechowicz B.

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nr 1(3)

93-102

3

Tito všichni, které pozval uvedený jošt. Znaczenie Wrocławia i biskupa Jodoka z Rożemberka w umacnianiu się katolickiej opozycji wobec króla Jerzego w latach 1465–1466. Studium polemiczne

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Czechowicz B.

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tom 34

179-206

EN

Studies of the Catholic opposition against the Bohemian King George of Poděbrady have focused so far on the role of either Wrocław or the Confederacy of Zelená Hora set up by Catholic Bohemian lords on 28 November 1465. What these two groups had in common (from 1465 to Jodocus’ death in 1467) was the figure of Jodocus of Rosenberg, who was both the Bishop of Wrocław and a member of a powerful noble family from South Bohemia. The extensive analysis of source materials unambiguously suggests that he was the instigator of the Confederacy of Zelená Hora. He was very active on the territory of the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1465. According to most of the Czech (Bohemocentric) literature, the Confederacy, which had the support of the Pope and the Emperor, was lead by another Bohemian noble, Zdenek of Sternberg. However, the historical sources quoted extensively in the article indicate that until his death Jodok was the leading figure of the movement. His prominent role was respected even by Protasius of Boskowice, the Bishop of Olomouc. One of the reasons the Confederacy was created was the fact that the Bohemian lords felt threatened by the city of Wrocław. The capital of Silesia had rejected King George since the beginning of his reign (1458), claiming that the city had a right to participate in the decisionmaking about who ascended the Bohemian throne. Thereby Wrocław challenged the privileges of the Bohemian nobility granted by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in the Golden Bull of Sicily (1212), which gave the Bohemian gentry a right to elect their king. Therefore, the Confederacy of Zelená Hora was an attempt to strengthen the position of Bohemian lords in the Bohemian Crown not only against the king, who marginalised them, but also against Wrocław, which was becoming too politically independent. In this way, the Confederacy seems to be a part of the traditional antagonism between gentry and towns. However, the confederates were forced to cooperate with Wrocław for the sake of the common good — the rejection of the heretic king George of Poděbrady, whom the Pope deposed in December 1466, releasing his subjects from their oaths of allegiance. In the end, Wrocław forced through the Hungarian ruler, Matthias Corvinus, as the candidate for the Bohemian antiking; while the option promoted by the Confederacy — the candidacy of the Polish king Casimir Jagiellon or one of his sons — foundered. At that time, Bishop Jodocus’ position began to weaken. He was one of the last supporters of a compromise with the king, while both Wrocław and the Confederacy were getting more and more determined to provoke an armed confrontation with King George. The king himself had no choice at this point and had to use force to exact obedience. Jodocus lived long enough to see the defeat of the Wrocław army at the battle of Ząbkowice Śląskie in 1467 but he died in December of the same year. Unpopular in both Bohemia (where he was deemed a traitor to the national interest) and Silesia (as a Bohemian, he was perceived as the king’s man, even though he opposed George), he has been marginalised in historiography.

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SOURCES AND WAYS OF WROCŁAW’S PROMOTION IN THE STRUCTURES OF THE BOHEMIAN CROWN IN THE LUXEMBOURG ERA: POLEMIC RECAPITULATION

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Czechowicz B.

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nr 2

6 - 36

EN

This article presents the consequences of the establishment of the Crown of the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1348, which entailed the incorporation of Silesia with its rich and ambitious city of Wrocław. Initially, Wrocław posed many challenges for Prague, but over time, it became its competitor. The growing position of Wrocław in the Bohemian Crown stemmed from the legitimization of its rights to the Bohemian throne. Hence, Wrocław’s art and architecture of that time reveal many political undertones. In the winter of 1358/1359, the emperor chose Wrocław to ensure the succession of the Luxembourg secundogeniture. The birth of Wenceslaus IV in 1361 simplified the matter of succession. But when Charles IV’s younger son, Sigismund, was not accepted in Prague after his brother’s death in 1419, he took the Bohemian throne via Wrocław, calling it in 1420 “the second capital of his Rule and the source of law”.

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Research methodology of the sleeve-target system with miss distance indicator of the unmanned aerial target imitator

63%

Czechowicz B. , Buczkowska-Murawska T.

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2021

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tom Vol. 51, iss. 1

125--147

EN

The article presents the method of using a modified acoustic miss distance indicator applied together with the set of controlled aerial target imitators (ZSMCP) Jaskółka "Swallow" operated in the Polish Armed Forces. The described method enables the implementation of controlling and testing the new CZT imitators and inspect the technical condition of these, which are still operated.

PL

W artykule omówiono metodę wykorzystaną podczas realizacji badań typu zmodyfikowanego układu akustycznego czujnika trafień (CZT) eksploatowanego z zestawem sterowanych manewrujących celów powietrznych (ZSMCP) Jaskółka wdrożonego do eksploatacji w Siłach Zbrojnych RP. Przedstawiona metoda umożliwia wdrożenie procedury kontroli i badań nowych egzemplarzy CZT oraz stanu technicznego tych, które pozostają w eksploatacji.