We investigated ground response for Baku (Azerbaijan) from two earthquakes of magnitude M6.3 occurred in Caspian Sea (characterized as a near event) and M7.5 in Shamakhi (characterized as a remote extreme event). S-wave velocity with the average shear wave velocity over the topmost 30 m of soil is obtained by experimental method from the VP values measured for the soils. The downtown part of Baku city is characterized by low VS30 values (< 250 m/s), related to sand, water-saturated sand, gravel-pebble, and limestone with clay. High surface PGA of 240 gal for the M7.5 event and of about 190 gal for the M6.3 event, and hence a high ground motion amplification, is observed in the shoreline area, through downtown, in the north-west, and in the east parts of Baku city with soft clays, loamy sands, gravel, sediments.
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The collision of the warm and salty southward flowing Brazil Current and the cold and relatively fresh northward flowing Malvinas Current produces a strong frontal zone known as the Brazil–Malvinas Confluence Zone (BMCZ). This is featured by intense presence of eddies and meanders and is one of the most energetic areas of the world oceans. We apply the statistical method of Fisher–Shannon (FS) to the time series of sea surface temperature, derived from the satellite Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) imagery, acquired from 1984 to 1999. The FS method consists of the joint application of Fisher information measure (FIM) and Shannon entropy (SE), measuring respectively the degree of organization and the disorder of a system. Our findings indicate that the FS method is able to locate very clearly the BMCZ, which corresponds to the less organized and more disordered area within the area of confluence between the Brazil and Malvinas Currents.
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