The knowledge processed in empirical domains is more or less uncertain. In order to support people who deal with them, expert systems with uncertainty are used. The expert systems that serve for planning or simulation purposes are often implemented as rule-based systems. To express the uncertainty of facts and rules, different mathematical methods are used: from probability factors and modal logics to the Zadeh's fuzzy logic. The last method is the most general, and it helps to conclude very reliable hypotheses. In the simulation systems both the conclusions' reliability and the time necessary for reasonings are of great importance. In this paper we point at the rule of convergence as a method of reasoning which allows to speed up reasonings performed in rule-based systems with uncertainty. We discuss its advantages, limitations and possible applications.
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Although the first rule-based systems were created as early as thirty years ago, this methodology of expert systems designing still proves to be useful. It becomes especially important in medical applications, while treating evidence given in an electronic format. Constructing the knowledge base of a rule-based system and, especially, of a system with uncertainty is a difficult task because of the size of this base as well as its heterogeneous character. The base consists of facts, ordinary rules and meta-rules, which differ from each other regarding both the syntax structure and the semantics. Having no tool to aid designing and maintaining the knowledge base of a rule-based system with uncertainty, we propose the algebra of rules with uncertainty which gives us theoretical foundations to build such a tool. Using the tool, it will be possible to indicate the facts and rules of a redundant character, as well as the pairs of facts and the pairs of rules which are contradictory to each other. The above tool is used in designing and maintaining the knowledge base of a system intended to prognosticate the effects of a medical treatment of the bronchial asthma disease.
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