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EN
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of milk Macleaya cordata extract supplementation on the weight gain, feed intake, serum total protein (TP), albumin, globulin, IgG, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), triglyceride (TG), beta-hydroxy butyric acid (BHBA) levels, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and total aerobic, lactobacillus and coliform bacterial counts of recto-anal swabs in Simmental calves. The feeding study was carried out using 20 (n = 10) 4-day-old Simmental calves (average birth weight 45.55 ± 1.53 kg) from December 2017 to May, 2018. The experimental treatments comprised milk without any additive (control) and milk with 1 g M. cordata extract added per head per day. The calves were fed with only colostrum until 4 days of age and then with 5 liters per day of whole milk until the end of 65 days. At the end of the study, a significant difference in body weights and feed efficiency between the groups was not observed. During the 4th-6th weeks of the trial, M. cordata extract supplementation in milk decreased the feed intake of the calves. The serum TP, albumin, IgG, BHBA, TG, BUN, ALP and ALT levels were also found to be not statistically different between the treatment groups. At the end of the experiment the serum albumin and BHBA levels were increased, whereas the BUN levels were decreased. There was a significant effect of the group × sex interaction on the serum AST levels. The total aerobic, total coliforms, and lactobacillus bacterial counts of the recto-anal swabs were not different between the experimental groups. In conclusion, the present data demonstrated that supplementation of pre-weaning calves’ milk with M. cordata at 1 g per day did not improve growth performance but changed their metabolic status.
EN
In recent years, methane has been one of the most discussed and researched subjects due to its effect on global warming and climate change. Approximately 60-65% of methane production is of anthropogenic origin. Considering that half of this volume is generated by livestock breeding, both breeders and nutritionists show significant interest in this matter. Biotechnological and immunological methods as well as genetic improvement studies have the potential to reduce methane emission from ruminants, but as yet they are not commonly applied. For this reason, feeding strategies that are easier to implement in practice are being considered as having the potential to increase the effective usage of consumed energy while decreasing global methane emissions. Adding fat to the diet of livestock will reduce the amount of carbohydrate consumed. It is known that fats reduce the number of protozoa, while some of the unsaturated fatty acids compete with methanogens for hydrogen. Therefore fats, oilseeds and fatty acids have been intensively studied to see whether they can reduce methane emissions in practice. Although many of these studies have proven that certain fats and fatty acids may be used confidently and effectively, much in vivo research is still needed to clarify the most appropriate diet, which fats are the most effective, and the amount of fat/fatty acids required. In this review, the effect of using fats, fatty acids and oilseeds in ruminant nutrition is discussed in relation to enteric methane emission, rumen fermentation and the utilization of energy and selected nutrients.
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