Auction sales, in particular art auctions are vulnerable to manipulation by buyers and sellers. There is a well established catalogue of more or less common unfair auction practices, like, for instance, bogus bids, taking bids of the wall or auction rings. All analyzed legal systems contain laws aimed directly or indirectly at combating such practices. It should however be noted that even countries with well developed art auction market and established tradition in fighting auction frauds fail to prevent market manipulation. Usually it is hard to prove that a manipulation took place, furthermore some of the practices became so common that even persons participating in the art market consider them to be legitimate trade customs.
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