At the end of the 19th century the first wave of the movement law & economics has taken place in Europe. One of its protagonists was Leon Petrażycki (Leo von Petrażycki, 1867–1931), a Polish jurist who studied in Russia and in Germany. His book “Die Lehre vom Einkommen” whose title can be best translated as “The Doctrine of Income” was published in Berlin in 1893 (1st volume) and 1895 (2nd volume). The doctrine of Petrażycki, who insisted on using economic instead of technical-legal concepts, reveals astonishing resemblances to the modern movement of law & economics, inaugurated in 1960-ties in the USA.
The biography of an Austrian specialist in Roman law, Paul Koschaker (1879–1951), who spent the Nazi-time as an elderly professor at important law faculties of Germany, such as Leipzig, Berlin and Tubingen, is reexamined. Recent attempts of image cultivation, which try to acclaim Koschaker the most courageous fighter against every form of totalitarianism in Europe and nearly the patron saint for European jurists, are proved unjustified.
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The concept of transnational law is by many modern scholars identified exclusively with the global law or world’s law of the 21st century. However, in legal history we find much older cases of lawmaking which occurs without the intervention of state agencies or even beyond the state. From this point of view we analyze briefly the ancient Roman ius civile, the medieval canon law, the Roman-canon utrumque ius, the old-European capitulations and the cases of legal pluralism which could be found within the Russian Empire.
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