The development of Pachoras, an important town in mid-5th century AD Nobadia, was broken violently by a flood at the beginning of the second half of the 6th century. The settlement and enclosure were devastated and abandoned until the close of the 6th century when the Cathedral of Aetios was built on a 5-m-high dune, engulfing the interior of the enclosure.
During the 2016 season in Naqlun, dedicated to an array of specialist studies of material in the storeroom, the team documented one of the hermitages located in the hills west of the monastic compound. The work was necessitated by evident illicit digging which had partly destroyed the compound. The hermitage, which occupied a small valley, appears to have comprised at least three living units, furnished with rock-cut storage pits in the floor and niches in the walls. The doorways and niches bore traces of architectural rendering. The complex may be interpreted tentatively as a residential and religious complex, and it is a good example of a mid-5th century hermitage, the dating confirmed by a study of the pottery assemblage coming from it.
The article outlines the history of the Makurian church from the conversion of the kingdom to Christianity until the death of the archbishop Georgios in AD 1113, focusing particularly on the relations of the Makurian Church with the Church of Alexandria, and emphasizing its independence from Byzantine and Coptic influence from the second half of the 8th century until the time of Georgios.
Representations of Makurian Kings and Queens (Mothers of the King), dated from the end of the 8th through the 13th centuries, have been preserved inside several churches of Makuria, but mostly inside the cathedrals of Pachoras. The representation of the king inside the monastery church NB.2.2 in Dongola is the latest one and the most fully preserved with the regalia and late dress.
The four seasons, two in 2012 and two in 2013, carried out in ancient Dongola by an expedition from the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw, were devoted to continuing excavations in a number of areas: the fortifications on the Citadel and houses from the Funj period (17th–18th century) outside of the fortifications; site SWN on the Citadel, including Building B.I (Palace of Ioannes) and Building B.V (church); and the monastery complex on Kom H, encompassing the monastic church, sanctuary of Anna, gates to the monastery for monks and laity, finally the commemorative building of the Dongolan bishops with three crypts where the third of the crypts was revisited to study the burials from an anthropological perspective. In late 2013, a new Qatar–Sudan Archaeological Project (No. 10) was launched with fieldwork concentrated on the Mosque Building and within the Citadel.
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