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Sociolog(ie) mezi kolárkem, hákovým křížem a rudou hvězdou: Jaroslav Šíma v dějinách české sociologie

100%

Nešpor Z. R.

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tom 47

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nr 5

967-989

EN

The article analyses the life story and works of a significant, but today sadly almost unknown, Czech sociologist, Jaroslav Šíma (1914-1955). It draws on all the published sources available on him as well as a large number of to date unknown and unexploited archive materials. Šíma became a member of the somewhat “thin on the ground” national sociological academia of the interwar period and specialised in the sociology of sexuality, religion, and education. However, his research was often the result of his own religious and church positions, which were connected with the so-called free Christianity movement and which cannot be accurately judged according to contemporary standards. Šíma’s star rose spectacularly during the Second World War, when he became the undisputed leader of Czech sociology, notwithstanding the fact that his influence came at the price of making considerable compromises with the Nazi regime, and owing to this and his own personal failures he assumed a rather low profile in the immediate post-war years. Šíma had another opportunity to shine following the communist coup in 1948, when he immersed himself in the ideas of the new regime. Seven years later he committed suicide. The author analyses Šíma’s fate and his writings as a case study in the context of the evolution of Czech sociology and outlines its weak points as well as the events which contributed to the outstanding but unlikely success of this ‘maverick’ of sociology (the discipline’s weak organisational background, with conformity to special interests, personal grudges between top figures in the field, and methodological incompetence flourishing in its place).

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Baťov 1940 - první český empiricky podložený výzkum v oblasti sociologie práce

100%

Nešpor Z. R.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2015

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tom 51

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nr 2

279-297

EN

There is a forgotten chapter in (history of) the Czech sociology of work. In the early 1940s, an empirical study was conducted by Otakar Machotka among employees of the Bata company in Batov (today Otrokovice). One of the leading figures of early Czech sociology, Machotka saw the closure of Czech universities during the Second World War as an opportunity to carry out original empirical research devoted to the sociological analysis of the workforce and consisting of a study of the social determination of work efficiency. This was the first Czech, and one of only a very few European, empirically-grounded research projects in the sociology of work and occupation that had been conducted to that time. Machotka statistically analysed the vast data sets collected by the company’s personnel department and provided a detailed interpretation of the outcomes, while remaining very much aware of the limitations of the results and the methods employed. He formulated hypotheses about how the age gap between spouses, the number of children in family, and other characteristics might impact (various aspects of) work efficiency, and reformulated existing hypotheses about the impact of siblings, marital status, and parental profession. Machotka also helped to theoretically and methodologically (re)orientate the sociology of work and occupations. Machotka subsequently abandoned this topic and quantitative sociology in general, perhaps in part as a result of the above-described research, which, the author suggests, led him to realise that ‘abstract empiricism’ was not the only method on which to base social studies.

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Miloslav Petrusek ve světle své publikační činnosti v samizdatovém Sociologickém obzoru

100%

Nešpor Z. R.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2014

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tom 50

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nr 2

189-209

EN

The late Miloslav Petrusek (1936-2012) was undoubtedly one of the most important figures in the history of Czech sociology. He was one of a few sociologists who revived the discipline in the 1960s and was a talented organiser and a co-founder of the Faculty of Social Sciences at Charles University in the 1990s. He was also a gifted teacher. However, owing to his busy organisational role, extensive teaching activities, and the publishing ban and restrictions he was subject to during the communist era, it is difficult to define the ‘real Petrusek’ in terms of his sociological thinking. The author argues that insight into his thought can, paradoxically, be found in the work he did during the most restricted period of his life, i.e. in the late 1980s, when Petrusek and his colleague Josef Alan published Sociologický obzor (Sociological Horizon), probably the only samizdat sociological journal in the world (1987-1989). In this journal Petrusek was not bound by external restrictions or his various other activities and he proved to be a particularly original analyst and thinker. He defined an ‘alternative sociology’, which was based primarily on the sociological analysis of literature and the performing arts as well as on his own profound knowledge of classical and contemporary sociology, which allowed him to shed light on a range of pressing contemporary social issues such as gender relations, the social perception of time and progress, the dissemination and dissolution of higher education, social stratification, and the approaching post-communist era. Petrusek contributed 83 different and, in the main, highly valued texts to Sociologický obzor that often drew attention to the crucial social issues of late modernisation (not only in reference to communist societies) and criticised the academic impotence of the ‘official’ Marxist-Leninist sociology of the time.

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Padesát let české sociologie náboženství na stránkách Sociologického časopisu

100%

Nešpor Z. R.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2014

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tom 50

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nr 5

735-751

EN

The fiftieth anniversary of Sociologický časopis (since 2001 Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review) provides an ideal opportunity to discuss the presence and achievements of the sociology of religion in the most important Czech sociological journal and to contribute to the historical, theoretical, and methodological analysis of Czech sociology of religion itself. The author provides a summary of all the articles, reviews, and information on the topic published in the journal and shows that, regardless of its importance within Czech sociological discourse at the various stages in the development of the discipline, the sociology of religion has generally had only a limited presence in the journal over the years, for both internal (sociologists of religion were not considered ‘core members’ of the sociological community) and external reasons (fear of what was considered a ‘problematic’ topic during the communist era and the non-existence of ‘untarnished’ students of religion after the collapse of the communist regime). The situation changed only recently, broadly speaking in the last decade, as younger generations seized the initiative and research on religion became a standard part of the Czech sociological mainstream. However, only a small number of contemporary sociologists of religion publish articles in the journal and, consequently, this sub-discipline is still far from being a consistent presence in its pages. The limited degree to which Czech sociology of religion has established itself in the pages of Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review thus raises fundamental questions about the nature of the discipline, its students, and the broader sociological environment.

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"Šedá zóna" v éře tzv. normalizace: Dům techniky ČSVTS Pardubice v dějinách české sociologie

100%

Nešpor Z. R.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2014

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tom 50

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nr 1

107-130

EN

The Marxist-Leninist ‘ideological supervision’ of Czech sociology in the 1970s and 1980s led to the de facto academic impotence of ‘official’ institutions at universities and the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. However, sociological inquiry and discussion found a home, at least temporarily, in various less regulated departmental, regional and technical institutes, which came to represent the ‘grey zone’ of contemporary Czech sociology, i.e. the space between official, state-sanctioned sociological work and prohibited, dissident sociology (and where a significant number of persecuted sociologists were able to retain their jobs). One such institute, the House of Technology in Pardubice, played a particularly significant role in the 1970s and, to a lesser extent, in the 1980s. For a decade after 1969 it hosted the dissolved academic Department of the Sociology of Industry (V. Herstus, O. Sedláček, D. Slejška) and its research activities, the former Institute for Social Analysis (from Hradec Králové), and a further 20-30 external (part-time) workers. The House of Technology conducted around 150 empirical surveys, especially in the fields of the sociology of work and the sociology of organisation and published a number of books in the field of sociology and its own journal, Analýza (Analysis), which in the first few years presented theoretical discussions and later the results of empirical research. In this article the author provides a broad analysis of the organisational background and results of the various activities of the House of Technology, which, whilst significant in terms of Czech sociology at the time, were, the author concludes, unable to serve as an effective substitute for real academic work. Indeed, it was more a research than an academic institution and the main contribution it made to Czech sociology was the professional ‘life jacket’ it offered persecuted sc

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Jan Mertl: sociolog-kolaborant, nebo oběť okolností?

100%

Nešpor Z. R.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2012

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tom 48

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nr 2

343-365

EN

The article analyses the life and academic contribution of one of the most prominent interwar Czech sociologists, Jan Mertl (1904–1978), whose studies in political sociology studies were highly innovative in his day, in both the Czech and the international context. Mertl was a follower of Max Weber and focused on the comparative historical-sociological analysis of political partisanship and party systems. He also devoted extensive study to changes in the relationship between state administration/bureaucracy and political representation. He enriched the field of (Czech) sociological theory with his concept of the ‘self-regularity of social phenomena’, dealing with the unintended outcomes and latent functions of social action, and he attempted to distinguish between Weberian ideal types and ‘historical types’. He also made the first systematic analysis of modern bureaucracy, using the Weberian concept of the ‚iron cage of modernisation‘. However, Mertl is a significant figure in the history of Czech sociology for another reason: his behaviour during the Second World War is generally perceived as an explicit example of collaboration with Nazism, which led to Mertl’s total exclusion from the academic community after the war. The author analyses the motives and extent of Mertl’s ‘wrongdoing’, as well as the reasons for his being ostracised by the academic world, even though he was officially acquitted of collaboration. The author also provides a brief description of his later life. The article is based on all available published sources and on a large number of previously unknown and unexploited archive materials.

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Studium a studenti sociologie v Československu před nástupem komunistického režimu

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Nešpor Z. R.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2012

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tom 48

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nr 4

669-696

EN

However, in Czechoslovakia it was nothing new for graduates of sociology to be unable to apply their education in their field, since the interwar and immediate post-war academic elites were made up largely of graduates of other fields, who were often unwilling to make room in academia for their younger colleagues.

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"Tvrzení o vymírání náboženství jest terminologický sebeklam" : příspěvek k české sociologii náboženství v podání Emanuela Chalupného

63%

Nešpor Z. R. , Knotková V.

Dějiny - Teorie - Kritika (History - Theory - Criticism)

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2009

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tom 6

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nr 1

101-123

EN

This article describes the life and work of an important Czech sociologist of the interwar period, Emanuel Chalupný (1879-1958). Even from a mere outline of his life one clearly sees that he was a highly controversial, tenacious, even disagreeable figure, who had no intention of giving in to anyone or anything, something that earned him many enemies. His own extraordinarily numerous works of sociology are today outmoded, yet they contain a number of original ideas, which contemporaneous critics often overlooked. One of the areas where Chalupný made interesting contributions is the sociology of religion, which developed in an original way the ideas of Auguste Comte and follows on Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk. Chalupný appreciated both individual mysticism and the thorough church organization, and was able to perceive the religious dimensions of works of art, particularly literary ones, as well as political forms of ‘implicit religions’. His own attitude to religion, however, stemmed from his religious feeling, at least to a certain extent, which had developed in the context of the religious and non-religious opinions of contemporaneous Czech intellectuals (though not always in agreement with them). This dimension of Chalupný’s personality is examined in the article, wherever the sources have permitted, as well as the unfortunate conclusion of his life after the Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia.

CS

Článek popisuje život a dílo významného českého sociologa meziválečného období, Emanuela Chalupného (1879-1958). I z letmého náhledu je zřejmé, že šlo o osobnost vysoce kontroverzní, urputnou, až nepříjemnou, která se odmítala komukoli či čemukoli vzdát, což mu přineslo mnoho nepřátel. Jeho neobyčejně rozsáhlé sociologické dílo je dnes překonáno, ale obsahuje mnoho originálních myšlenek, které doboví kritici často přehlíželi. Jedna z oblastí, do níž Chalupný zajímavě přispěl, byla sociologie náboženství, kterou svébytně rozvinul na myšlenkách Augusta Comta a Tomáše Garrigua Masaryka. Chalupný si cenil jak individuálního mysticismu, tak církevní organizace, a byl schopen vnímat náboženské dimenze umění, a to především v literatuře, stejně jako politické podoby „implicitní religiozity”. Jeho přístup k náboženství pramenil alespoň do určité míry z vlastního náboženského cítění, které se vyvinulo v kontextu debat českých intelektuálů na (nejen toto) téma (ne vždy s nimi navíc souhlasil). Článek se zabývá i touto dimenzí Chalupného osobnosti, nakolik to prameny dovolují, stejně jako nešťastným závěrem jeho života po komunistickém převratu v Československu.