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EN
In this review, the molecular aspects of meiotic division and characteristics of proteins involved in mammalian oocytes maturation have been presented. Moreover, the role of competition has also been shown. The mammalian oocyte’s maturation is divided into: (i) nuclear maturation; (ii) cytoplasmic maturation; and (iii) genomic maturation. The maturation processes involves the stages associated with stored proteins and mRNA as well as the inherited changes in genomic DNA methylation. The proper procedure of all stages of maturation influences the achievement by oocytes of full developmental competence and fertilization ability. Both of these processes are associated with attaining by the embryos the ability of growth and development following embryonic genome activation (EGA). The stages of oocyte’s maturation are regulated by the expression of specific genes encoding proteins that are expressed during early folliculo-, and oogenesis, and is species dependent. The most important proteins regulating the process of oocytes maturation involves the following: transforming growth factor of the large super family group (TGF), connexins (Cx), mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), protein kinase A (PKA) and epidermal growth factor (EGF).
EN
Technological progress in the past few years has made it possible to apply techniques based on microarrays in the analyses of cancerogenesis. These techniques can be divided into several groups according to the scale of research: (1) gene expression analysis, (2) protein analysis, (3) tissue research. The gene expression analysis makes it possible to compare the levels of gene activity in cancer tissue with those in reference tissue, and to evaluate the progression of cancer and its reaction to treatment. The analysis of proteins provides information on their functional and structural characteristics, and throws light on the protein-ligand interaction and the relations between the presence or absence of certain proteins in specific physiological states. Tissue microarrays are applied to analyze cancer markers and to identify DNA, RNA and proteins. This article presents selected aspects of microarray research and discusses the molecular aspects of cancerogenesis in dogs, referring to several types of genes associated with cancers.
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nr 08
s.544-546,bibliogr.
EN
The process of spermegg fusion is one of the most important mechanisms involved in successful fertilization. Studies conducted in an effort to elucidate this process are mainly focused on analyzing the interaction between the membrane proteins of male and female gametes. In the last few years, the genes coding proteins which may play an integral role in the process of sperm-egg binding and fusion have been identified. It has been suggested that sperm ADAMs family proteins are involved in this process. The sperm specific fertilin α, fertilin β and cyritestin are among this protein family. The oocyte’s integrins, which are included in egg cell membrane, form receptors specific for those proteins. The other group of proteins, which are connected with sperm-egg fusion, are specific for oocyte CD9 protein and sperm epididymal protein DE. The aim of this review was to present the characteristics of several proteins involved in the sperm-egg interaction process. The exploration of fertilization mechanisms may become the basic element that will improve assisted reproductive techniques and in vitro fertilization in mammals.
EN
The development of assisted reproductive techniques in dogs creates new possibilities to protect many species from extinction. The efficiency of oocytes maturation in bitches in vitro is much lower in comparison to other mammals. That is why there are many limitations in the development of methods of reproduction biotechnology in this species, i.e. embryo production (IVP), cryopreservation of semen or the transfer of nuclei. The oocytes of bitches existing in the follicle environment are influenced by the activity of progesterone, while the re-start and finish of the meiotic division in these cells takes place in the uterine tube. In contrast to bitches, in the case of the majority of mammals estrogens are dominating hormones and ovulating oocytes are in metaphase II of meiotic division. Differences in the process of oocytes maturation between several species of mammals make it impossible to create optimal and at the same time universal conditions of in vitro production. A relatively late implantation of the embryo in dogs can also be observed. In the present article questions connected with the process of in vivo and in vitro oocytes maturation were described as well as the fertilization and initial stages of embryo development in dogs.
EN
 Steroid therapy, due to a wide range of anti-inflammatory properties of steroids, is a basic field of treatment in many human diseases including the nephrotic syndrome in children. However, not all patients respond positively to therapy which divides them into steroid sensitive (SS) and steroid resistance (SR) individuals. Many potential factors associated with steroid resistance have been identified so far. It seems that genetic factors associated with glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα), the structure of heterocomplex of GR as well as glycoprotein P or cytochrome P450 may play a role in the induction of glucocorticoid resistance. Here we described several of the molecular mechanisms, which can regulate glucocorticoid sensitivity and resistance. Moreover, we presented genetic defects, which can lead to various effects of treatment and, in a longer perspective, enable clinicians to individualize therapies.
EN
The aim of this study was to assessed the differences in embryos quality between the natural estrus and two systems of estrus synchronization in multiparous sows and prepuberal gilts. In this experiment, multiparous sows (n = 63) and prepuberal gilts (n = 42) were used. The subgroups of these animals were treated with PMSG (1500 U.I.) + hCG (500 U.I.) or PG-600 synchronization systems. These animals were inseminated twice, 24 and 36 h after hCG injection. The control gilts (n = 20) were from the third subgroup and were inseminated two times at 12 h intervals during their natural estrus cycles. A statistically significant increased number of corpora lutea (CL) and embryos was observed between natural estrus and both synchronization systems in multiparous sows (p < 0.001). There were no differences found in the number of degenerative embryos isolated from both ovaries between PMSG + hCG, PG-600, and natural estrus groups in multiparous sows (p = 0.484), (p = 0.279), (p = 0.213), (p = 0.138), respectively. However, an increased number of unfertilized oocytes in multiparous sows after treatment with PMSG + hCG as compared to control animals (p = 0.041) was observed. A statistically higher number of embryos after treatment with PMSG + hCG was also observed in the separate groups of multiparous sows and prepuberal gilts as compared to PG-600 treated animals. No differences were found, however, in the number of degenerative embryos between those two separate groups of animals after treatment with PMSG + hCG and PG-600 of both ovaries: (p = 0.175), (p = 0.344), (p = 0.122), and (p = 0.055), respectively. It can be suggested that the differences in the number of embryos isolated from both ovaries after these two treatments systems in prepuberal gilts and multiparous sows may be a result of age-dependent different response to gonadotropins and the reproductive competence of these females.
EN
The maturation of oocytes is one of the most important steps determining their developmental competence. Due to the low percentage of oocytes of bitches that reach the MII stage, searching for reagents that may stimulate the growth and maturation of oocytes is still present in this species of mammals. The most important media supplements include gonadotropins (LH, FSH, hCG), growth factors (IGF, TGF, EGF, FGF), progesterone and follicular fluid. It is suggested that the supplement of EGF, and/or follicular cells may have an important influence on the percentage of cells that reach the MII stage. Despite plenty of research based on the improvement of bitch oocytes in vitro culture, the results obtained are still unsatisfactory. Moreover, in the long stages of canine oocytes maturation many molecular and morphological modifications (including changes in mitochondria structure and configuration in the cytoplasm) are involved. In this article, the influence of selected media supplements on the efficiency of bitch oocytes in vitro maturation was described. The molecular and morphological modifications during canine oocytes maturation were also considered in the text.
EN
It has been clearly demonstrated in several studies that zona pellucida is modificated during oogenesis and folliculogenesis, important stages of mammalian oocytes maturation. However, little is known to date about differential expression and various distributions of proteins involved in fertilization, e.g. zona pellucida glycoprotein 3 (pZP3), integrin-beta-2 (ITGB2) within the porcine oocytes. Since the morphology of the female gamete significantly influences the ability of oocytes for maturation and fertilization, this study aimed to investigate the distribution of pZP3 and ITGB2 in four morphologically different porcine oocytes using confocal microscopic observations. The porcine COC’s were morphologically evaluated in a four graded scale with special relation to colorization of cytoplasm and cumulus cell layers, cultured in culture medium NCSU-23 for 44 h at 38°C, and then subsequently fixed with anti-pZP3 and anti-ITGB2 antibodies, and analyzed using confocal microscopic observations. Consequently, we found that pZP3 protein was localized in oocytes graded as I and II in zona pellucida and cytoplasm. In oocytes graded as III and IV, pZP3 was distributed in the cytoplasm. Regarding the ITGB2, in oocytes graded as I the zona pellucida localization was observed. In the other grades of oocytes a strong cytoplasmic expression of ITGB2 was detected. In conclusion, the expression of both pZP3 and ITGB2 proteins as well as the differential distribution of these proteins within the female gamete are associated with the morphological type of porcine oocytes.
EN
Integrins are the major receptors within the extracellular matrix (ECM) that mediate several functions connected with cell life and metabolism, such as cell adhesion, migration, cytoskeletal organization, proliferation, survival, and differentiation. A vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the most important angiogenic factors. It has been suggested that the expression of this gene may play crucial physiological roles in reproductive organs. All investigated endometrial tissues were isolated on day 10-12 after mating. Control bitches, used in this study, were in metestrus, which was determined according to the vaginal cytology and progesterone level in blood. Early pregnancy was verified by flushing the uterine horns with PBS. Total RNA was isolated from the bitches endometrium by means of the Chomczyński and Sacchi method, treated by DNase I, and reverse-transcribed into cDNA. A quantitative analysis of integrins α2b, β2 and β3, VEGF 164, 182 and 188 cDNA was performed by RT-PCR. In results we have shown an increased expression of all investigated genes (integrins α2b, β2 and β3, VEGF 164, 182, and 188) in pregnant bitches uterus as compared to non-pregnant females (P<0.001). Our results indicated that the expression of genes encoding integrins and vascular endothelial growth factors is different in relation to the time of the embryo implantation and it is increased in the first period of this process. This may be associated with the induction of specific mechanisms responsible for receptivity of uterus following the embryo attachment. In addition, all of investigated genes are up-regulated in a pregnancy-specific manner and the increased expression of these genes may regulate the uterus function during the implantation of canine embryos.
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