The piston is the most mechanically and thermally loaded engine component. The energy required to overcome the mechanical losses in the combustion engine is approx. 10% of the energy supplied to the engine in a fuel. The main node piston-pin-piston rings are most responsible for the formation of mechanical losses. It is advisable to reduce friction losses in the piston-cylinder group lead to an increase in the overall efficiency of the engine and thus reduce the fuel consumption. The way of achieving these objectives is modification of microgeometry of the pistonbearing surface, which cooperates with the cylinder wall. The geometry of the gap between the piston skirt and the cylinder liner greatly affects the friction loss inside combustion engine. A way to reduce the area covered by the oil film is the application of a stepped profile of the piston skirt. The stepwise profile can be obtained covering the cylindrical or tapered piston-bearing surface with a thin layer graphite. Covering the piston bearing surface with a thin layer of graphite one can get an extremely advantageous tribological properties of the piston assembly which means the expected parameters of oil film and reduction friction loss. In this article, the results of research on experimental pistons on friction loss in combustion engine are presented.
PFT tram wheel profile is considered the standard profile in Poland. Despite its modern design this profile, in combination with the most commonly used rail profiles in Poland it may lead to instability, even at regular operating speeds. Although the relationship between Y/Q forces is not at a dangerous level in these cases, it leads to the increase in wheels and rails wear and the deterioration of the tram operating properties. The influence of selected, possibly small PFT profile modifications, was analyzed. These modifications were made to increase the stability on a variety of rails, an analysis of these modifications on the hypothetical process of wear of wheel/rail parts was also performed.
PL
Profil koła tramwajowego typu PST jest profilem objętym normą obowiązującą w Polsce. Pomimo nowoczesności tego profilu, w skojarzeniu ze stosownymi często w Polsce profilami szyn może on wykazywać niestabilność nawet przy eksploatacyjnych prędkościach jazdy. Pomimo, że nie występuje w tych przypadkach niebezpieczny poziom stosunku sił Y/Q, to wpływa to na zwiększenie zużycia kół i szyn oraz na pogorszenie właściwości biegowych tramwajów. Zanalizowano wpływ wybranych, możliwie małych modyfikacji profilu PST, dokonanych w celu zwiększenia stabilności na różnych szynach, dokonano również analizy tych modyfikacji na hipotetyczny proces zużywania elementów koło-szyna.
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