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1

Changes in the model of penal liability of collective entities in the Polish legal system – a real breakthrough or a manifestation of opportunism?

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Błaszczyk M.

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2023

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tom 100

44-58

EN

The model of liability of collective entities for acts prohibited under penalty, introduced into the Polish legal system by the Act of 28 October 2002 (consolidated text, Journal of Laws of 2020, item 358, as amended), which entered into force on 28 November 2003, was criticized from the beginning. Time has shown that the scepticism of the representatives of the legal commentary regarding the solutions adopted at that time was fully justified. After nearly 20 years of this act being in force – systemically important yet playing a marginal role in practice – the time has come for radical changes in the model of penal liability of collective entities. The model of the so-called consequential liability of a collective entity, which depends on a preliminary ruling, i.e. on prior confirmation by a final judgment that an offense or a fiscal offense has been committed by a specific natural person, is replaced by direct liability. This was reflected in the changes introduced to the Act of 2002, which entered into force on 1 September 2022. An analysis of these changes will be used to assess the new model of criminal liability of collective entities for acts prohibited as offenses against the environment, in the normative and practical aspect.

2

Rzeczywista liczba dzieci i młodzieży przebywających w instytucjonalnych formach opieki całkowitej w Polsce a wyzwania procesu deinstytucjonalizacji

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Błaszczyk M.

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nr 32

250-266

EN

This article was written in response to the need for data on the number of children and young people in residential care institutions in Poland. This is crutial for estimating the scale of necessary actions to be taken in order to transition from institutional foster care to family care provisions (deinstitutionalization). The main problem associated with analyzing the conditions of the deinstitutionalization process and, consequently, its planning in the area of supporting children and young people in Poland, is that children and youngsters located outside the foster care system are entirely ignored, both in professional discourse and in statistics. The author presents the consequences of such an approach, analyzing the number of people aged 0 to 24 placed in residential care institutions in social welfare, education, and public health systems. The analysis indicates a significant underestimation of the scale of institutionalization of children and youth in Poland, which, depending on the adopted criteria for qualifying institutions, ranges from 20% to 35% of all people in 2019 placed outside their families of origin. The lower number of this estimation is determined by the share of children and youth placed in institutions that operate within the foster care system (almost 17,000 people), while the upper limit/number is the total number of people aged 0–24 in all institutional care provision, including, residential care homes or care and treatment institutions, among others (almost 30,000 people).

PL

Celem artykułu jest zaspokojenie zapotrzebowania na dane dotyczące liczby dzieci i młodzieży przebywających w instytucjonalnych formach opieki całkowitej w Polsce. Dane te są konieczne do ustalenia skali niezbędnych do podjęcia działań, aby możliwe stało się przejście od opieki instytucjonalnej do opieki rodzinnej, świadczonej w środowisku lokalnym. Głównym problemem związanym z analizowaniem uwarunkowań deinstytucjonalizacji w zakresie wspierania dzieci i młodzieży oraz z planowaniem tego procesu jest całkowite pomijanie – zarówno w profesjonalnym dyskursie, jak i w statystykach – osób przebywających w instytucjach długoterminowej opieki całkowitej nienależących do systemu pieczy zastępczej. W artykule przedstawiono konsekwencje takiego podejścia oraz zaprezentowano wyniki oszacowania liczby osób w wieku 0–24 lat przebywających w instytucjach świadczących długoterminową opiekę w systemach pomocy społecznej, edukacji i zdrowia. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że skala instytucjonalizacji dzieci i młodzieży w Polsce jest znacznie niedoszacowana, gdyż w 2019 r. w zależności od przyjętych kryteriów kwalifikacji instytucji, co do typu świadczonej opieki, znajdujące się w nich dzieci i młodzież stanowiły 20–35% wszystkich osób umieszczonych poza rodzinami pochodzenia. Dolną granicę tego oszacowania wyznacza udział dzieci i młodzieży umieszczonych w placówkach systemu pieczy zastępczej (blisko 17 tys. osób), a górną – suma wszystkich osób w wieku 0–24 lat przebywających w instytucjach opieki całkowitej, w tym m.in. w domach pomocy społecznej czy instytucjach opiekuńczo-leczniczych (niemal 30 tys.).

3

Nowe występki lichwy (art. 304 § 2 i 3 k.k.) w perspektywie funkcji gwarancyjnej prawa karnego

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Błaszczyk M.

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tom 87

22-41

EN

The paper offers an analysis of new provisions of Article 304 § 2 and 3 of the Polish Penal Code, which define two specific types of the offence of usury. These provisions are intended to protect consumers against excessive financial burden – the interest (§ 3) and non-interest costs (§ 2) – included in the loan they incur. The author examines them critically, taking as a point of reference the guarantee standards of criminal liability resulting from the Constitution. The author performs a “quality control”, which amounts to a dogmatic analysis of the statutory features of new usury offences, which means a kind of quality control of their definitions and verification of the necessity to cover the described behaviours by the sanctioning norms.

4

Piezoelectric bone conduction hearing implant Osia® – audiological and quality of life benefits

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Marszał J. , Gibasiewicz R. , Błaszczyk M. , Gawłowska M. B. , Gawęcki W.

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nr 6

11-22

EN

Introduction: Nowadays, there are many options to treat hearing-impaired patients: tympanoplastic surgery, hearing aids and a wide range of implantable devices. Aim: The aim of this study is to present the mid-term audiological and quality of life benefits after the implantation of Osia®, an active piezoelectric bone conduction hearing implant. Material and methods: The state of the tissues in the implanted area, as well as audiological and quality of life results were analyzed at six, nine and twelve months after implantation in a group of four adult patients with bilateral mixed hearing loss (1 after bilateral canal-wall-down mastoidectomy, 2 with chronic simple otitis media and after myringoplasty in the opposite ear, 1 with bilateral otosclerosis and after stapedotomy in the opposite ear). Results: No postoperative complications were found in any of the cases. One year after surgery the mean audiological gain in FF PTA4 (pure tone average for 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz) was 52.2 ± 3.5 dB in comparison to the unaided situation, the mean speech understanding with Osia® in quiet was 90 ± 8.2% for 50 dB SPL, 98.8 ± 2.5% for 65 dB SPL and 100 ± 0% for 80 dB SPL, and the mean speech understanding with Osia® in noise was 37.5% ± 23.6 for 50 dB SPL, 93.8 ± 4.8% for 65 dB SPL and 98.8 ± 2.5% for 80 dB SPL. There was also an evident improvement in the quality of hearing as well as in the quality of life, measured by APHAB (Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit) and SSQ (Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale). Conclusions: The Osia® is an effective treatment option for patients with bilateral mixed hearing loss. The mid-term audiological and quality of life results are excellent, but further observations including bigger groups of patients and a longer follow-up are required.