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2 Geotourism / Geoturystyka

2 2023

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The earliest Cretaceous carbonate platform destroyed by volcanism from the Ukrainian/Romanian Carpathians – reconstruction based on microfacies

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Iwańczuk J. , Krobicki M. , Feldman-Olszewska A. , Hnyłko O.

tom nr 1-2 (72-73)

31--31

There is a unique tectonostratigraphic unit called Kaminnyi Potik occur in the Ukrainian-Romanian Carpathian transborder zone. In the Ukrainian part numerous outcrops of this unit can be observed in many streams near Rachiv city, but its most spectacular occurrence is in the Chyvchyn Mountains. The whole complex consists of volcanogenic-sedimentary rocks and is divided into two Berriasian formations: Chyvchyn and Kaminnyi Potik. In the section of the Chyvchyn Formation, at the base, there are pillow lavas (basalts and andesites/trachyandesites) and volcano-sedimentary breccia with clasts of lava, coral limestones and radiolarites (submarine debris flows), and peperites as well. The Kaminnyi Potik Formation is made up of fine-grained hyaloclastic and carbonate debris flows of a flysch character (including organodetrital limestones with fragments of: corals, bryozoans, echinoderms bivalves and foraminifera), which overlying breccias and coral limestones of the Chyvchyn Formation. The profile ends by thin-bedded cherty limestones. The thin sections analysis revealed the following microfacies: oolithic-echinoderm packstone/grainstone; coral lithoclastic quartz packstone/grainstone; oolithic-lithoclastic wackestone/packstone; lithoclastic-echinoderm packestone; lithoclastic packestone; radiolarian echinoderm packestone; radiolarian wackestone; radiolarian-calpionellid wackestone and mudstone. Pyroclastic material is often present in the matrix. The ooids observed in the thin sections and the remains of fauna such as corals, echinoderms and bivalves suggest that the original material came from a carbonate platform that was sheltered by a coral reef. As a result of volcanic eruptions and possibly accompanying earthquakes, the platform has been destroyed and its traces are visible in clasts. Sedimentological character of submarine debris flows, (e.g. fractional graiding, mixture of shallow-water fauna and lithoclasts with deep-marine microfauna (radiolarians and calpionellids) and hyaloclastic material present in the matrix document short-term episodes of a catastrophic nature, leading to the redeposition of shallow-water sediments to the deeper parts of the basin.

Permian versus Jurassic geotectonic position of the Lhasa block – facts and controversies

100%

Krobicki M. , Golonka J. , Starzec K. , Iwańczuk J.

tom nr 1-2 (72-73)

38--38

The Cimmerian Continent (or Cimmeria, Cimmerian terrane, Cimmerian blocks) was detached from eastern Gondwana in the Late Paleozoic as a sliver/ribbon of continental strip rifting elements. Recently, these elements belong to an almost continuous long belt (ca. 13,800 km) from central Italy trough Greece, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Tibet, SW China, Myanmar, Thailand up to Indonesia (Sumatra). The palaeogeographic position and relationship of some elements during Permian-Mesozoic times is still matter of discussion. The Qiangtang and Lhasa blocks (present-day Tibet) belong to these elements and their location in space and time and their relationship causes a lot of controversies. Their position alongside eastern Gondwana in the mid-Early Permian (ca. 290–285 Ma) are suggested both by palaeomagnetic and facies studies. Palaeomagnetic studies indicated this position one decade ago, which has been confirmed by recent studies. The Cimmerian Continent [Iran (Alborz)-Qiangtang-Baoshan-Tengchong-Sibumasu] was separated from the Gondwanian part of Pangea during mid-Early Permian time by rifting and drifting. Northwards migration of it took place during Permian-Triassic times caused wide opening of the Bangong‐Nujiang Tethyan Ocean and closing of the Paleotethys Ocean but the Lhasa block was still southern margin of the Bangong‐Nujiang Ocean. The Triassic Indosinian Orogeny has been one of the most spectacular geotectonic event reflecting collision of this continent with Indochina block and closure of the Paleotethys Ocean. The separation of the Lhasa block from Gondwana is enigmatic but most probably took place during earliest Jurassic times. This separation was followed by quick shift northward. Intensive sedimentological studies of the Late Triassic (Carnian-Norian) several flysch-type turbidites in the eastern Tethyan Himalaya (e.g. Qulonggongba, Pane Chaung, Langjiexue, Quehala, Duoburi formations/groups) indicate that their provenance was connected with Lhasa block, which has been their source area during early-stage evolution of the Neotethys. The late Early Permian rift-related basaltic magmatism in northern Baoshan (in SW China) and sourrounding regions was connected with first step of separation from Gondwana margin of this block (together with South Qiangtang and Sibumasu blocks and simultaneously with opening of the Bangong‐Nujiang Ocean before the Middle Permian) – independently of Lhasa block which was separated later, the most probably during Late Triassic or Triassic/Jurassic transition time with very wide space of the Bangong‐Nujiang Tethyan Ocean between Qiangtang and Lhasa blocks (2,600 km ±710 km – 23.4° ±6.4° during the Middle Jurassic with its maximum width in the Late Triassic). From the palaeobiogeographic point of view, the worldwide distribution of Pliensbachian-Early Toarcian large bivalves of the so-called Lithiotis-facies, dominated by Lithiotis, Cochlearites, Litioperna genera revealed by the authors’ studies, indicates very rapid expansion of such type of bivalves alongside southern margin of Neotethys, and could be good evidence of palaeogeographic position of the Lhasa block in this time. Himalayan and Tibetan (Nyalam area) occurrences of Lithiotis and/or Cochlearites bivalves could help to place the Lhasa block nearby the Gondwana during Early Jurassic times. This palaeobiogeographic research contradict another interpretation based on different fossils (Permian fusulinids and brachiopods) interpreted as subtropical fauna, which could occur in low subtropical latitudes together with other parts of the Cimmerian Continent.