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Czynniki determinujące frekwencję wyborczą w Gwatemali

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Kowalczyk Z.

Studia Wyborcze

2017

tom 23

135-151

Artykuł poświęcony jest przyczynom niskiej frekwencji wyborczej w Gwatemali. Wymieniono i scharakteryzowano uwarunkowania, które mają wpływ na to zjawisko, odnoszące się do sfery gospodarczej, społecznej i politycznej. Szczególny nacisk został położony na przyczyny związane z ukształtowaną pod wpływem kolonializmu i autorytaryzmu oraz kulturą polityczną.. Zaakcentowane zostały także powiązania między poziomem frekwencji wyborczej a składem etnicznym społeczeństwa gwatemalskiego, co prowadzi do wniosku, że większość czynników mogących zniechęcać obywateli do uczestnictwa w wyborach w największym stopniu dotyczy indiańskich grup ludności.

The author of the article aims at explaining the reasons behind the abstention rate in Guatemalan elections. The conditions related to economic, social and political fields, which have impact on voters turnout, are presented. The author emphasizes the reasons intertwined with political culture, which was shaped under the influence of colonialism and authoritarian rule. Furthermore the author emphasizes relations between the level of voters turnout and ethnic composition of Guatemalan society. It leads to a conclusion that the majority of factors that may disincline the citizens to participate in the elections in the greatest extent affects indigenous groups of population.

Wybrane wyzwania społeczne i polityczne stojące przed Hiszpanią w następstwie pandemii COVID-19

100%

Kowalczyk Z.

Przegląd Zachodni

2022

nr 4 (385)

41-52

The article tackles selected problems that arose in Spain after the outbreak of the global COVID-19 pandemic. The author focuses mainly on the phenomenon of social inequalities which enlarged significantly in the discussed period. This process was caused by the necessity to introduce sanitary restrictions to protect human life and health. However, they also brought negative consequences in the form of an increase in unemployment which in Spain affected primarily tourism industry, entertainment and recreation services and transportation. It was assumed by the author that the inequality issue would be one of the highest priority for the Spanish government and would be addressed indirectly by reforms introduced in economic recovery plans after the pandemic. In the second part of the article the author also tries to identify the challenges for Spanish diplomacy. The problems associated with Spanish participation in the policy of the European Union are presented. The author assumed that Spanish diplomacy would intensify its activities on the European Union forum during the time of crisis in order to, among other, obtain aid funds on favourable terms. The author also raised the issue of factors that could strengthen Spain’s position and at the same time ensure that its activity within the European Union might be a key to the success of the reforms introduced after the health crisis. The method used included the analysis of existing materials, statistical data, reports and studies published in the period after the outbreak of the pandemic in Europe in 2020. Most of the research was based on Internet sources: reports and analyses of Spanish researchers, government databases, factsheets, and information published by non-governmental organizations.