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Społeczna nieadekwatność czynu jako podstawa bezprawności usiłowania

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Jezusek A.

Forum Prawnicze

2018

nr 3 (47)

57–80

The aim of the study is to answer a question, what determines the unlawfulness of attempts. According to the author, attempts take place only if a behavior of a perpetrator either already has violated the precautionary rules that determine the content of the norm underlying the offense at the stage of accomplishment, or has not violated this rule, but situates on the foreground of its violation, creat- ing a situation that allows immediate undertaking of behavior contrary to this rule. This means that the essence of the unlawfulness of attempts is the social inadequacy of the perpetrator’s behavior, because such behavior, evaluated from the ex ante perspective, creates a socially unacceptable danger to the specific legal good. This property of behavior is the material content of its illegality. Formally, a breach of precautionary rules or a direct attempt to breach them is a requirement of the violation of the norm, which underlies criminal liability for attempted crime. From the dogmatic perspective, behavior which has not met the above-mentioned condition, does not realize the element of any attempted crime in the form of ”a direct act done towards committing the offence” and for that reason such behavior cannot be considered as an attempt within the mean- ing of the Polish penal code.

Możliwość instytucjonalizacji związku osób tej samej płci w świetle art. 18 Konstytucji RP

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Jezusek A.

Przegląd Sejmowy

2015

nr 4(129)

67-87

The study deals with the normative content of Article 18 of the Constitution. This provision is a norm requiring heterosexual marriage surround be placed under the protection and care, but does not prohibit the institutionalization of sexual relations of two persons of the same sex by the ordinary legislation. The consequence of the recognition of an autonomous character of the term “marriage” at constitutional and statutory levels and rejection of the view that the institution of marriage is formed by the constitutional lawgiver in Article 18 would be the possibility of same-sex marriages being allowed by ordinary legislation. In interpreting Article 18 of the Constitution, one should also take into account other constitutional provisions, in particular Articles 32 and 47 of the Constitution. The right to conclude a legally effective civil partnership with the person on whom he/she bestowed his/ her affections and shared his/her lot with, is an element of the right to decide about one’s personal life, which is conferred also on homosexuals.