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Kolczasty drut śmierci jako strażnik granicy. Nieznany epizod Wielkiej Wojny 1914–1918 na pograniczu holendersko-belgijskim

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Żelichowski R.

nr 3

The Wire of Death as a Border Guard. An Unknown Episode of the Great War 1914–1918 along the Dutch–Belgian FrontierFor four long years the First World War changed the relations between the Kingdom of The Netherlands and the Kingdom of Belgium, with the former remaining neutral in the conflict while the latter became a theatre of particularly bloody hostilities. In the province of North Brabant, which was part of the Kingdom of The Netherlands, at a small distance from border with the Kingdom of Belgium there lies a locality bearing the double name of Baarle–Hertog and Baarle–Nassau – a Dutch–Belgian jigsaw composed of 30 enclaves. The German armies decided not to attack the Belgian enclaves since they could not do so without violating the neutrality of the Dutch. In order to prevent the inflow into The Netherlands of volunteers who could come to the aid of the army defending itself in the Yzer river valley, in January 1915 the German troops embarked upon setting up networks of barbed wire along the entire Belgian border (450 kms long) from the Zwin inlet in Knokke to the suburbs of Aix–la–Chapelle. The unique frontier encircling the Belgian enclaves was composed of electric barbed wire known as the „Wire of Death”, which took the lives of numerous victims and was the source of the tragic plight of all thus separated families. The border in question also divided small towns and villages, sometimes in half. The presented text discusses several such instances. The author concentrated predominantly on the functioning of the lethal frontier and the life of people residing on both its sides. He also described the history of Baarle–Hertog, a little– known fragment of free Belgium within Dutch Branat, and its role in obtaining information about the plans and activity of the German occupant.

Modelowa okupacja hitlerowska Wielkiej Brytanii w II wojnie światowej

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Żelichowski R.

nr 4

W czerwcu 1940 r. wojska niemieckie dokonały inwazji zbrojnej na położone w kanale La Manche Wyspy Normandzkie. Do maja 1945 r. były one jedyną częścią Wielkiej Brytanii pod okupacją niemiecką. Niemcy zastosowali wobec mieszkańców nieznany nigdzie indziej model łagodnej okupacji, który służyć miał tworzeniu pozytywnego wizerunku kultury niemieckiej, przeznaczonego dla opinii światowej. Jednocześnie Hitler zarządził tu budowę najsilniejszych umocnień Wału Atlantyckiego.

In June 1940, the German Army invaded the Channel Islands, an archipelago in the English Channel. Until May 1945 there were the only part of the British Empire under the German occupation. The German occupier imposed a model of mild occupation, known nowhere else, which was to create a positive image of German culture to be presented to world opinion. At the same time, Hitler ordered here the construction of the strongest permanent fortifications of the Atlantic Wall.