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Samowole i swawole żołnierzy frejkompanii Franciszka Teodora Denhoffa w dobrach klarysek krakowskich pod koniec XVII w.

100%

Gąsiorowska P.

tom 3

143-154

In the 1690’s, in Umianowice and Wołoszczowice –two villages owned by the convent of the Cracow Poor Clares, located in the Sandomierz voivodeship– soldiers from the foreign infantry regiment, belonging to the Wiślica starosta Franciszek Teodor Denhoff, were stationing at the so-called winter quarters. The starosta had claimed the right to those villages as well as the revenue they generated. Hence, with his consent, the soldiers demanded payments in grain or money, and apart from that mercilessly pillaged and physically abused the subjects of the convent. In addition, they would rape women, and they forced an entry to a noble house, disregarding the fact that these felonies were punishable by death. Also, drunk soldiers sneered at the Catholic religion, mocking the ceremonies connected with the celebration of Corpus Christi. These events ended up in court, when the nuns, the nobility, and the peasants from the plundered villages sued the violators. The ones charged with the heaviest crimes were condemned to infamy and beheading, but it remains unknown whether the sentence was ever carried out. Starosta Denhoff was punished by kondemnata (a sentence in absentia). He was also obliged to pay compensation for all the damage caused. The losses were made up for a few years later by Denhoff ’s widow, Katarzyna Potocka.

Klaryski krakowskie a powstanie kościuszkowskie 1794 r.

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Gąsiorowska P.

Hereditas Monasteriorum

2012

tom 1

99-106

Since the beginning of 18th century and especially during the Great Northern War, the convent of st. Clare was bearing many expenses in order to maintain Polish and foreign (the Saxon, Swedish, Russian, and Prussian) armies. Additionally, there were the costs of war contributions and also buyouts of the equipment, food, horses, cattle, and people arrested or confiscated during the marches of separate troops through the villages belonging to the nuns. At the outbreak of Kościuszko Uprising (24th March 1794) the Clarisses were dutifully performing all recommendations of the insurgent authorities, related with financial support of this patriotic spurt: they have equiped the recruit for the equestrian militia ensuring him clothes, tacked up horse, weapons, the wage; additionally, they have provided people for defense and also prepared bandages. Especially painful for them was the requisition (in the form of a loan) of silver, mostly in the form of valuable liturgical equipment, which they have never recovered. After the fall of Cracow (15th June 1794) the sisters were forced to keep the Prussian troops that were stationed in the city.

Echa represji wobec klasztorów w Królestwie Polskim na łamach krakowskiego Czasu po upadku powstania styczniowego

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Gąsiorowska P.

Roczniki Teologiczne

2021

tom 68

nr 4

87-112

The journal Czas (Time), a newspaper of Galician conservatives published in Krakow beginning in 1948, covered events in the Kingdom of Poland related to the January Uprising and repressions of the tsarist government against Poles after its collapse. One of the journal’s main themes was repression of the Catholic Church, especially male and female religious orders. It described all forms of harassment of monastic peoples by the Russians: petty mailce, issuance of regulations impeding the normal functions of monasteries, moral torment, torture, execution, exile to Siberia, confiscation of monastic property, and finally, liquidation of most male and female monasteries. When reporting cases of repression, the journal also presented the reactions of Western powers and the papacy to the anti-Polish and anti-church policy of the tsarist regime, as well as ineffective diplomatic attempts to counter such repressions. For a long time, readers were deluded by the hope of intervention from the Western powers on behalf of the oppressed Polish nation in defense of both national ideas and the Catholic religion. Unfortunately, this hope, which was bitterly reported by Czas, turned out to be in vain.

Ukazujący się w Krakowie od 1848 roku dziennik Czas, organ prasowy galicyjskich konserwatystów, na bieżąco informował czytelników o wydarzeniach w Królestwie Polskim związanych z powstaniem styczniowym i represjami rządu carskiego wobec Polaków po jego upadku. Jednym z głównych tematów były represje dotykające Kościół katolicki, a zwłaszcza męskie i żeńskie zakony. Czas opisywał wszelkie przejawy nękania osób zakonnych ze strony Rosjan: drobne złośliwości, wydawanie przepisów utrudniających normalne funkcjonowanie klasztorów, dręczenie moralne, stosowanie tortur, wykonywanie egzekucji i zsyłanie zakonników na Syberię, konfiskaty klasztornych majątków, a wreszcie likwidację większości klasztorów męskich i żeńskich. Przy okazji relacjonowania przypadków represji dziennik przedstawiał też reakcje zachodnich mocarstw i papiestwa na antypolską i antykościelną politykę caratu oraz nieskuteczne dyplomatyczne próby przeciwdziałania im. Długo łudzono czytelników nadzieją na zbrojną interwencję zachodnich mocarstw na rzecz uciemiężonego narodu polskiego, łącząc obronę idei narodowych z obroną religii katolickiej. Niestety nadzieje te, o czym Czas donosił z goryczą, okazały się płonne.