Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

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Zabytkowe artefakty wykonane z meteorytów i tektytów

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Kotowiecki A.

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tom 12

73-80

EN

This article complements the previous publication included in the materials for the 2nd Meteorite Seminar in Olsztyn in 2003 and also in 2004 in Meteoritics & Planetary Science with artifacts about which I did not write then and new discoveries. In recent time, archaeologists have discovered more confirmed artifacts that were made of meteorites. Scientists were puzzled that iron objects were found among the artifacts of the Bronze Age. Initially, it was assumed that these were the beginnings of metallurgy, but after careful research, it turned out that they are cold-forged items and the metal is of cosmic origin. How many more interesting and unusual old artifacts made by human hands from materials obtained from outer space will be discovered. Can there be more such artifacts in museums in Poland? It seems to me that a comprehensive inventory and research action should be carried out to verify this. Finally, as a lawyer, I can add that artifacts made of meteorites are the only meteorites in the world protected by law in one hundred percent, because they are monuments of world material culture.

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Tektyty i szkliwo impaktowe w świetle badań i odkryć archeologicznych na świecie

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Kotowiecki A.

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2022

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tom 13

60-66

EN

It should be emphasized that the tektites have been permanently linked in many regions of the Earth with the history of mankind. One of the oldest finds is the Vltavite amulet, which was found in a Cro-Magnon settlement, that is 29,000 years ago. Prehistoric tools made of tektites are found at various archaeological sites around the world. Wherever there are tektites, man has used them in various ways: as tools, objects of worship, magic objects or healing objects. They also appear in many legends as magic stones, e.g. in China in the 10th century AD, tektites were collected as “stones of the god of thunder”. Some shamans believe that they have the power to transmit and receive messages over long distances and that they have properties that protect against disease. Aborigines in Australia believed that they had enormous power in rites of raining down and that they were also remedies for many ailments. In fact, tektites have always been associated with magic, highly appreciated by people and they are still enjoys great interest among scientists all over the world. The above conclusions can be reached by analyzing many discoveries and scientific research in the areas of tektite occurrence.

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O. Władysław od Narodzenia NMP (Mieczysław Kluz) OCD

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Kotowiecki A.

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nr 25

213-217

EN

Biographical note Fr Władysław of the Birth of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Mieczysław) Kluz OCD (1925-1995), Discalced Carmelite, doctor of canon law and author of numerous books.

PL

Nota biograficzna o. Władysława od Narodzenia Najświętszej Maryi Panny Mieczysława Kluz OCD (1925-1995), karmelity bosego, doktora prawa kanonicznego i autora licznych publikacji.

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Historia Spółdzielni Mieszkaniowej w Wadowicach

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Kotowiecki A.

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nr 24

153-170

PL

Po 1945 r. zasady działania spółdzielczości zostały diametralnie zmienione i całkowicie podporządkowano ją polityce państwa. W ciągu kilkunastu lat po wojnie działalność ta została poddana odgórnym procesom, jak to określono, etatyzacji, centralizacji i biurokratyzacji. Należy podkreślić, iż spółdzielczość obejmowała ogromną liczbę dziedzin handlu, produkcji, bankowości itp. działalności. W Polsce wykształciły się w szczególności takie spółdzielnie, jak: pracy, rolnicze spółdzielnie produkcyjne, inwalidów, kółek rolniczych, mleczarskie, mieszkaniowe, ogrodniczo-pszczelarskie, socjalne, wojskowe, wydawnicze, rolników, producentów rolniczych, banki, kasy oszczędnościowo-kredytowe, zaopatrzenia i zbytu „Samopomoc Chłopska”, a także spożywców. Tuż przed wybuchem II wojny światowej spółdzielnie mieszkaniowe zrzeszały około 10 tysięcy członków. Najgorszym czasem dla spółdzielni mieszkaniowych był okres powojenny – ze 192 spółdzielni pozostały jedynie 73. Spółdzielnie nie miały praw do zarządzania mieszkaniami spółdzielczymi, nie mogły także zaciągać kredytów i kupować materiałów w hurtowych cenach. Przełom nastąpił w 1956 r., kiedy powstały Spółdzielczy Fundusz Budowlany, Społeczne Przedsiębiorstwo Budowlane oraz Bank Spółdzielczy. Wtedy też zmieniła się polityka państwa w stosunku do spółdzielni mieszkaniowych. Ustalono zasady budowy oraz normy powierzchni mieszkań. Wprowadzono wiele rozwiązań, które ułatwiały funkcjonowanie spółdzielni i doprowadziły do ich rozwoju. W związku z tym pod koniec lat 60. liczba spółdzielni mieszkaniowych w Polsce wzrosła do 1130 i stale się zwiększała. Obecnie jest ich ponad 2000 (dane GUS na rok 2016).

EN

After 1945, the principles of operation of the cooperative movement were radically changed and it was completely subordinated to state policy. In the dozen or so years after the war, this activity was subjected to top-down processes, as it was defined, of etatyzacja, centralizacja and biurokratyzacja. It should be emphasized that the cooperative movement encompassed a huge number of areas of trade, production, banking, etc. In Poland, such cooperatives have developed as: labor, agricultural production cooperatives, the disabled, agricultural circles, dairy, housing, horticulture and beekeeping, social, military, publishing, farmers, agricultural producers, banks, savings and credit unions, supplies and sales of "Samopomoc Chłopska", as well as consumers. Just before the outbreak of World War II, housing cooperatives had approximately 10,000 members. The worst time for housing cooperatives was the post-war period - out of 192 cooperatives, only 73 remained. Cooperatives did not have the right to manage cooperative housing, they could not also take out loans and buy materials at wholesale prices. The breakthrough came in 1956, when the Spółdzielczy Fundusz Budowlany, Społeczne Przedsiębiorstwo Budowlane and Bank Spółdzielczy were established. It was then that the state's policy towards housing cooperatives changed. Principles of construction and apartment area standards have been established. Many solutions were introduced that facilitated the functioning of the cooperative and led to their development. As a result, at the end of the 1960s, the number of housing cooperatives in Poland increased to 1,130 and continued to increase. Currently, there are over 2,000 of them (data from the Central Statistical Office for 2016).

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Pierwszy tektyt z Wysp Andamańskich (Wyspa Havelock)

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Szopa K. , Kotowiecki A.

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tom 12

92-97

EN

A tektite is a rare natural glass that forms when an extra-terrestrial body struck the Earth. Tektites can be found in at least five widely separated locations on Earth, which are called strewn fields. There are four known strewn fields: the 35.5 Ma North American strewn field (linked to the Chesapeake crater, North America), the 14.4 Ma Central European strewn field (linked to the Ries crater in Germany), the Ivory Coast strewn field of unknown age (linked to the Bosumtwi crater in Ghana, West Africa), and the 0.8 Ma Australasian strewn field (source crater still unknown, although a large crater in Western Cambodia, Lake Tonle Sap, has been proposed). The last strewn field is known for the distribution of the biggest tektite group (i.e., philippinites, billitonites, javanites, indochinites). A tektite on Havelock Island in India, has also been recently identified. This is the first tektite reported from the Andaman and Nicobar islands. This tektite is composed of indochinite, having a typical dark colour and diagnostic chemical composition. Morphologically, a lack of cracks and abraded edges, both indicate short transport and rapid shallow burial.